1 00:00:05,990 --> 00:00:04,100 there we go hello everybody welcome to 2 00:00:07,460 --> 00:00:06,000 our latest Hubble hangout my name is 3 00:00:09,890 --> 00:00:07,470 Tony Darnell work at the Space Telescope 4 00:00:11,570 --> 00:00:09,900 Science Institute and we've got a really 5 00:00:13,070 --> 00:00:11,580 interesting hangout plan for you today 6 00:00:15,409 --> 00:00:13,080 we have dr. mark clamping from the 7 00:00:18,109 --> 00:00:15,419 Goddard Space Flight Center here to talk 8 00:00:21,080 --> 00:00:18,119 to us about exoplanet observations both 9 00:00:24,080 --> 00:00:21,090 past present and the future and so we're 10 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:24,090 looking very interesting hang out so we 11 00:00:29,509 --> 00:00:26,970 hope you will bring lots of questions 12 00:00:31,939 --> 00:00:29,519 and comments which brings me to how you 13 00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:31,949 can interact with us we hope we hope you 14 00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:33,750 will send us questions with the Q&A app 15 00:00:38,330 --> 00:00:36,450 on YouTube as well and the Google+ event 16 00:00:41,630 --> 00:00:38,340 page we're also monitoring the Hubble 17 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:41,640 hangout ash tagged on Twitter and you 18 00:00:45,860 --> 00:00:43,650 can also comment on the Google+ event 19 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:45,870 page itself so we're monitoring all 20 00:00:50,540 --> 00:00:48,690 these different avenues for you to 21 00:00:52,550 --> 00:00:50,550 interact so we hope to get lots of great 22 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:52,560 questions from you later in the Hangout 23 00:00:57,650 --> 00:00:55,530 with me also is dr. Carol Christian 24 00:00:59,300 --> 00:00:57,660 Christian she is from the Space 25 00:01:00,080 --> 00:00:59,310 Telescope Science Institute as well hi 26 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:00,090 Carol 27 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:03,690 hello I'm Scott Lewis how's it going 28 00:01:08,780 --> 00:01:06,090 Tony hey ready to drive the Internet I 29 00:01:11,270 --> 00:01:08,790 I'm always ready to drive I know you're 30 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:11,280 expert driver NASCAR of the Internet 31 00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:17,730 drivers f1f1 known as car any new Thank 32 00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:21,330 You Peggy so as I mentioned our guest 33 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:24,110 today is dr. mark clamp and he is the 34 00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:26,490 observatory project scientist for the 35 00:01:29,390 --> 00:01:28,320 James Webb Space Telescope at Goddard 36 00:01:32,990 --> 00:01:29,400 welcome mark 37 00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:33,000 hi thanks I'm really excited to get you 38 00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:35,100 in a hangout because you've got a lot of 39 00:01:38,870 --> 00:01:37,200 great research going on you're involved 40 00:01:41,180 --> 00:01:38,880 in all kinds of great things but first I 41 00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:41,190 have to ask you observatory project 42 00:01:45,380 --> 00:01:43,110 scientists how was that different what 43 00:01:47,149 --> 00:01:45,390 is it what is it what does that mean and 44 00:01:50,570 --> 00:01:47,159 how does that differ from say just a 45 00:01:51,950 --> 00:01:50,580 regular project science well it comes 46 00:01:54,980 --> 00:01:51,960 down to the fact that James Webb Space 47 00:01:58,190 --> 00:01:54,990 Telescope is such a massive project and 48 00:01:59,840 --> 00:01:58,200 it's a very large telescope so my job is 49 00:02:03,410 --> 00:01:59,850 to be responsible for the observatory 50 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:03,420 which is three pieces the telescope the 51 00:02:08,809 --> 00:02:06,450 Sun shield and then the spacecraft bus 52 00:02:10,130 --> 00:02:08,819 so my job is to work with the engineers 53 00:02:12,830 --> 00:02:10,140 to make sure that the science 54 00:02:14,390 --> 00:02:12,840 requirements for the telescope for the 55 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:14,400 observatory are met 56 00:02:19,729 --> 00:02:17,250 or preferably exceeded and when they 57 00:02:21,710 --> 00:02:19,739 have problems I I'm the guy that gets to 58 00:02:23,750 --> 00:02:21,720 sit down with them and help them figure 59 00:02:26,059 --> 00:02:23,760 out how they can meet our requirements 60 00:02:28,430 --> 00:02:26,069 and still you know meet the budget or 61 00:02:30,050 --> 00:02:28,440 the schedule also really not not very 62 00:02:36,860 --> 00:02:30,060 much then you don't really have much to 63 00:02:44,089 --> 00:02:36,870 do they keep me very busy like an 64 00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:44,099 achiever there okay well that sounds 65 00:02:47,210 --> 00:02:45,150 great we're hope to get some more 66 00:02:49,250 --> 00:02:47,220 insights into the status of JWST a 67 00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:49,260 little bit later on in the Hangout but 68 00:02:51,949 --> 00:02:50,400 before we do that I want to talk a 69 00:02:54,170 --> 00:02:51,959 little bit about your research interest 70 00:02:56,330 --> 00:02:54,180 before you were building the James 71 00:02:58,910 --> 00:02:56,340 whatever coordinating all these efforts 72 00:03:01,580 --> 00:02:58,920 so what's your primary research interest 73 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:01,590 so my primary research interest has 74 00:03:07,130 --> 00:03:04,890 always been direct imaging or taking 75 00:03:09,289 --> 00:03:07,140 pictures of debris disks which of the 76 00:03:11,869 --> 00:03:09,299 early stages of the formation of planets 77 00:03:14,809 --> 00:03:11,879 and then actually trying to directly 78 00:03:18,259 --> 00:03:14,819 image planets themselves so I started 79 00:03:20,839 --> 00:03:18,269 off 20 years ago building an instrument 80 00:03:22,780 --> 00:03:20,849 called a chronograph and I guess we'll 81 00:03:26,569 --> 00:03:22,790 get into how chronograph work later on 82 00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:26,579 for tellus telescopes that would be put 83 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:30,750 on the chilean telescopes down in at 84 00:03:34,159 --> 00:03:31,470 lasya 85 00:03:36,470 --> 00:03:34,169 and then la serena and then i slowly 86 00:03:38,089 --> 00:03:36,480 evolved to working on flight hardware 87 00:03:39,740 --> 00:03:38,099 and I actually helped build the advanced 88 00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:39,750 camera for surveys which had a 89 00:03:44,599 --> 00:03:42,720 chronograph that's on double that's on 90 00:03:46,369 --> 00:03:44,609 Hubble so I've always kind of worked on 91 00:03:48,979 --> 00:03:46,379 building hardware to do this kind of 92 00:03:51,229 --> 00:03:48,989 problem and we started off as I said you 93 00:03:53,390 --> 00:03:51,239 know studying debris disks and the more 94 00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:53,400 you get into imaging debris disks the 95 00:03:57,140 --> 00:03:54,810 more you want to sort of go the next 96 00:03:59,420 --> 00:03:57,150 step and actually be able to direct the 97 00:04:01,069 --> 00:03:59,430 image the planets so that's what I've 98 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:01,079 been kind of working on with Hubble on 99 00:04:05,629 --> 00:04:02,970 and off for the last you know 10 15 100 00:04:07,849 --> 00:04:05,639 years right so today's today's hangout 101 00:04:10,069 --> 00:04:07,859 topic obviously is about exoplanets but 102 00:04:14,659 --> 00:04:10,079 one of the things that really amazes me 103 00:04:17,659 --> 00:04:14,669 about this this branch of astronomy or 104 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:17,669 research is that this really is a pretty 105 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:20,130 brand-new research area isn't it you 106 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:21,810 said yourself 20 years ago that pretty 107 00:04:25,580 --> 00:04:24,450 much marks the beginning of exoplanet 108 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:25,590 research doesn't it I mean we have been 109 00:04:28,220 --> 00:04:27,810 doing this for very long no that's 110 00:04:31,010 --> 00:04:28,230 correct 111 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:31,020 it's about 20 years and this is just a 112 00:04:35,990 --> 00:04:34,410 rapidly expanding field a lot of the new 113 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:36,000 young people coming into astronomy 114 00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:38,250 they're all sort of coming into this 115 00:04:42,710 --> 00:04:39,960 field because there's just so much going 116 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:42,720 on there's you know new planets being 117 00:04:46,670 --> 00:04:44,370 discovered every day it's just a really 118 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:46,680 exciting and dynamic field right now and 119 00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:48,330 correct me if I'm wrong but if this 120 00:04:52,580 --> 00:04:50,220 field the exoplanet research really had 121 00:04:54,500 --> 00:04:52,590 I think pretty humble beginnings from my 122 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:54,510 understanding I mean I remember at the 123 00:04:59,990 --> 00:04:57,090 high altitude observatory 124 00:05:02,330 --> 00:05:00,000 there was people there observing a 125 00:05:05,060 --> 00:05:02,340 project called stare sta re which 126 00:05:07,910 --> 00:05:05,070 basically used Mead telescopes in a 127 00:05:12,260 --> 00:05:07,920 parking lot to and this was with dr. 128 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:12,270 carbon oh and and is it it was at Mike 129 00:05:18,490 --> 00:05:15,090 Brown it was old gosh I'm dating myself 130 00:05:21,430 --> 00:05:18,500 now but anyway they were looking at 131 00:05:23,390 --> 00:05:21,440 exoplanets or trying to find exoplanets 132 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:23,400 presumably with the transit method which 133 00:05:29,390 --> 00:05:24,210 we'll get to in a minute 134 00:05:31,340 --> 00:05:29,400 with amateur grade instruments exactly I 135 00:05:33,530 --> 00:05:31,350 mean this well as you say well talk 136 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:33,540 about transiting exoplanets in a minute 137 00:05:37,910 --> 00:05:35,250 but I think one of the amazing things 138 00:05:39,950 --> 00:05:37,920 about studying transits is you can 139 00:05:41,930 --> 00:05:39,960 actually stand in a car park like they 140 00:05:45,170 --> 00:05:41,940 Charbonneau did with a Celestron 141 00:05:46,940 --> 00:05:45,180 telescope and take data that you know 142 00:05:52,610 --> 00:05:46,950 shows you there's an exoplanet orbiting 143 00:05:55,550 --> 00:05:52,620 a star that's pretty amazing yeah we - a 144 00:05:58,250 --> 00:05:55,560 year and a half ago I held a hangout on 145 00:06:00,890 --> 00:05:58,260 here where I had one of our amateur 146 00:06:04,250 --> 00:06:00,900 astronomers that works with the AP a VSO 147 00:06:05,930 --> 00:06:04,260 and we did a live observation of a 148 00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:05,940 transiting exoplanets we were able to 149 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:07,950 get the data there and show the curve 150 00:06:11,990 --> 00:06:10,530 going on afterwards and talk about what 151 00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:12,000 was going on these are things that can 152 00:06:17,030 --> 00:06:14,700 be done by every month and it's it's 153 00:06:19,940 --> 00:06:17,040 amazing and that this is real we're 154 00:06:22,910 --> 00:06:19,950 using advanced telescopes you know it 155 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:22,920 you know orbiting in space and also very 156 00:06:28,670 --> 00:06:24,810 large telescopes here on earth to 157 00:06:30,590 --> 00:06:28,680 discover completely new worlds exactly 158 00:06:33,230 --> 00:06:30,600 they're transiting exoplanet method is 159 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:33,240 great because it just scales from you 160 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:35,370 know your telescope in the car park all 161 00:06:40,310 --> 00:06:37,050 the way up to James Webb Space Telescope 162 00:06:42,020 --> 00:06:40,320 and that every step or every scale you 163 00:06:44,060 --> 00:06:42,030 can make lots of really amazing 164 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:44,070 discoveries all right well let's go 165 00:06:49,340 --> 00:06:47,130 ahead and bring that up so I believe 166 00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:49,350 you've got a good illustration of what 167 00:06:52,820 --> 00:06:50,610 the transit method is so let's talk 168 00:06:54,620 --> 00:06:52,830 about before we get to the future of 169 00:06:55,910 --> 00:06:54,630 exoplanet observations let's talk about 170 00:06:57,920 --> 00:06:55,920 how it's been done in the past as we 171 00:07:00,860 --> 00:06:57,930 talked about ahead relatively exoplanet 172 00:07:03,230 --> 00:07:00,870 research has been is a new field very 173 00:07:06,170 --> 00:07:03,240 young very exciting red hot right now in 174 00:07:08,390 --> 00:07:06,180 astronomy and and 175 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:08,400 the observations have been done 176 00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:12,090 primarily by looking at very very tiny 177 00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:14,160 dips in brightness of a star and Scott 178 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:17,310 has this up now basically when a planet 179 00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:20,610 passes in front of a star it gets just a 180 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:23,250 little tiny bit dimmer and as the buzz 181 00:07:28,190 --> 00:07:25,770 up as the light is blocked from the star 182 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:28,200 and Dave out I mean I'm sorry mark I'll 183 00:07:31,220 --> 00:07:29,130 let you go ahead and explain this 184 00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:31,230 animation a little bit okay so the 185 00:07:36,650 --> 00:07:33,630 animation is just showing what happens 186 00:07:39,470 --> 00:07:36,660 when you look at a star where the planet 187 00:07:42,170 --> 00:07:39,480 is actually moving across the face of 188 00:07:44,570 --> 00:07:42,180 the star as it orbit it's that star and 189 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:44,580 so what happens is you see a very tiny 190 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:46,890 dip in the amount of light coming from 191 00:07:52,430 --> 00:07:49,770 the star as the planet orbits across the 192 00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:52,440 face of the star and the dip is 193 00:07:56,540 --> 00:07:54,840 basically a function of the area of the 194 00:08:01,760 --> 00:07:56,550 star that you're looking at in the area 195 00:08:04,580 --> 00:08:01,770 of the planet so large gas giant planets 196 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:04,590 like Jupiter z-- might produce a dip of 197 00:08:09,110 --> 00:08:07,050 a few percent whereas if you were 198 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:09,120 looking at a terrestrial earth-like 199 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:11,130 planet then the dip is much smaller it's 200 00:08:16,910 --> 00:08:14,370 about 0.05 percent and then it becomes 201 00:08:18,980 --> 00:08:16,920 very challenging measurement but just 202 00:08:21,290 --> 00:08:18,990 looking at some of these big Jupiter 203 00:08:22,820 --> 00:08:21,300 planets that's the kind of stuff you can 204 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:22,830 do with a you know it's very simple 205 00:08:27,740 --> 00:08:25,170 telescope as we were talking about a few 206 00:08:29,210 --> 00:08:27,750 minutes ago Ryan this was the first 207 00:08:31,100 --> 00:08:29,220 measurements we made out of the first 208 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:31,110 ways in which we detected exoplanets and 209 00:08:34,610 --> 00:08:33,330 this is an indirect method a meaning 210 00:08:37,220 --> 00:08:34,620 that we're not seeing the planet 211 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:37,230 directly we're seeing we're seeing the 212 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:39,450 the effect of that planet in orbit 213 00:08:44,270 --> 00:08:41,970 around the star and inferring the 214 00:08:45,890 --> 00:08:44,280 existence of that planet being there how 215 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:45,900 hard is instamate how hard is this to 216 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:47,130 make I mean we said we can do it with 217 00:08:51,350 --> 00:08:49,170 with amateur great instruments but we 218 00:08:53,540 --> 00:08:51,360 can do better jobs with with bigger 219 00:08:55,970 --> 00:08:53,550 telescopes correct I mean how how hard 220 00:08:58,310 --> 00:08:55,980 is this measurement it is 221 00:09:00,319 --> 00:08:58,320 it's not too hard if as I said if you're 222 00:09:01,910 --> 00:09:00,329 trying to just do gas giant planets 223 00:09:04,430 --> 00:09:01,920 where you're looking for a you know a 224 00:09:07,009 --> 00:09:04,440 few percent dip as you start trying to 225 00:09:09,439 --> 00:09:07,019 look for terrestrial planets it becomes 226 00:09:12,259 --> 00:09:09,449 a real problem because you need to have 227 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:12,269 extremely precise photometry and that's 228 00:09:16,610 --> 00:09:14,370 why we've had to go into space to really 229 00:09:18,379 --> 00:09:16,620 look for the earth sized planets and 230 00:09:19,970 --> 00:09:18,389 that's as you know that's what the 231 00:09:22,639 --> 00:09:19,980 Kepler mission has been doing for the 232 00:09:25,430 --> 00:09:22,649 last you know six or seven years it's 233 00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:25,440 just been staring at 150,000 stars 234 00:09:30,860 --> 00:09:27,720 trying to find the ones that have 235 00:09:32,900 --> 00:09:30,870 transits that are directly traceable to 236 00:09:36,889 --> 00:09:32,910 something the size of a sort of small 237 00:09:39,350 --> 00:09:36,899 rocky planet so it it gets very easy to 238 00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:39,360 very very hard here's an example 239 00:09:44,629 --> 00:09:42,480 Kepler - and you'll be able to see I'll 240 00:09:46,759 --> 00:09:44,639 have it pop up here in a second where 241 00:09:48,980 --> 00:09:46,769 we're seeing those dips and brightness 242 00:09:52,210 --> 00:09:48,990 that's being detected I'm on the lower 243 00:09:59,829 --> 00:09:52,220 right-hand side of the screen right here 244 00:10:04,610 --> 00:10:02,629 right and when you look at real data 245 00:10:06,439 --> 00:10:04,620 you know without doing the analysis of 246 00:10:08,629 --> 00:10:06,449 the data and the processing it's very 247 00:10:11,329 --> 00:10:08,639 hard especially for the small planets to 248 00:10:15,019 --> 00:10:11,339 see any dip at all you need any planet 249 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:15,029 to give you a so it's this technique 250 00:10:19,340 --> 00:10:17,490 really thrives on especially when you're 251 00:10:21,530 --> 00:10:19,350 trying to do the small planets on having 252 00:10:24,110 --> 00:10:21,540 as much light as possible even from very 253 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:24,120 bright stars so this is one of the 254 00:10:28,129 --> 00:10:26,490 reasons why JWST is going to be such a 255 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:28,139 powerful tool for doing this kind of 256 00:10:32,990 --> 00:10:31,050 science yes we're getting into that a 257 00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:33,000 little more detail in a bit but then we 258 00:10:39,710 --> 00:10:36,000 have used to do this I mean people did 259 00:10:42,319 --> 00:10:39,720 want to try and just go for an HST sized 260 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:42,329 telescope what could be done it's not a 261 00:10:47,569 --> 00:10:44,610 primary thing that we do because these 262 00:10:49,809 --> 00:10:47,579 other observatories will concentrate on 263 00:10:53,329 --> 00:10:49,819 that but a few observations were taken 264 00:10:54,829 --> 00:10:53,339 with HST just to to make sure we knew 265 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:54,839 what we're up against yeah I think 266 00:10:58,490 --> 00:10:56,370 Carolyn correct me if I'm wrong but the 267 00:11:00,439 --> 00:10:58,500 the reason HST is an ideally suited for 268 00:11:02,269 --> 00:11:00,449 this kind of work is that it takes 269 00:11:04,519 --> 00:11:02,279 generally these light curves take many 270 00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:04,529 days to sometimes depending on the 271 00:11:08,179 --> 00:11:06,630 period of the planet to create right so 272 00:11:09,199 --> 00:11:08,189 you really kind of need to take up a lot 273 00:11:11,809 --> 00:11:09,209 of Hubble time 274 00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:11,819 to do to get a decent curb right right 275 00:11:18,650 --> 00:11:14,100 and that's why as mark says the strategy 276 00:11:20,540 --> 00:11:18,660 that Kepler is using is so important so 277 00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:20,550 you can take a long time to make sure 278 00:11:23,359 --> 00:11:22,220 and you don't you can't just have one 279 00:11:24,980 --> 00:11:23,369 sample 280 00:11:26,359 --> 00:11:24,990 you can't just see it once to say oh 281 00:11:28,669 --> 00:11:26,369 there must be a planet no you're gonna 282 00:11:30,559 --> 00:11:28,679 it has to be periodic he has to keep 283 00:11:33,829 --> 00:11:30,569 coming back it has to be similar every 284 00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:33,839 time right and and so you you need that 285 00:11:39,319 --> 00:11:36,360 and so Kepler and staring for many years 286 00:11:42,619 --> 00:11:39,329 at the same region of the sky can then 287 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:42,629 do that and as they acquire more and 288 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:44,970 more data they can as Mark said get to 289 00:11:50,419 --> 00:11:47,970 some tinier and tinier planets that they 290 00:11:52,220 --> 00:11:50,429 can discover because initially the data 291 00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:52,230 is a little noisy so you have to keep 292 00:11:56,150 --> 00:11:54,360 accumulating the data until you get good 293 00:11:59,150 --> 00:11:56,160 statistics and you're confident about 294 00:12:00,949 --> 00:11:59,160 that you've detected a transit oh yeah 295 00:12:02,629 --> 00:12:00,959 this is a great segue into the past of 296 00:12:04,069 --> 00:12:02,639 observations hope Kepler was designed 297 00:12:05,869 --> 00:12:04,079 I'm just gonna fill in the gaps what we 298 00:12:07,609 --> 00:12:05,879 what we didn't say about Kepler is it's 299 00:12:10,609 --> 00:12:07,619 staring at one spot this guy looking at 300 00:12:12,350 --> 00:12:10,619 over 150,000 stars for a very very long 301 00:12:14,869 --> 00:12:12,360 time five years I believe was wouldn't 302 00:12:16,699 --> 00:12:14,879 was it Sun was its mission it went a 303 00:12:19,759 --> 00:12:16,709 little bit past that before it stopped 304 00:12:22,309 --> 00:12:19,769 being able to point precisely but for so 305 00:12:24,350 --> 00:12:22,319 we got five years of Kepler data looking 306 00:12:26,780 --> 00:12:24,360 at the same hundred and fifty some odd 307 00:12:29,030 --> 00:12:26,790 thousand stars and as Carol said we 308 00:12:30,769 --> 00:12:29,040 built this up over time to get these 309 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:30,779 tiny dips and brightness and eight uses 310 00:12:35,389 --> 00:12:32,730 the transit method but that's not the 311 00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:35,399 only method to find these exoplanets 312 00:12:39,829 --> 00:12:37,110 it's just what Kepler uses and it was 313 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:39,839 the beginning it was the way we started 314 00:12:43,220 --> 00:12:41,970 finding exoplanets in the first place 315 00:12:45,799 --> 00:12:43,230 but there's another method it's called 316 00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:45,809 the radial velocity method and Scott has 317 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:48,480 a an animation that sort of illustrates 318 00:12:52,549 --> 00:12:50,610 that and Mark can you give us some 319 00:12:55,039 --> 00:12:52,559 insight into what that method is and and 320 00:12:58,609 --> 00:12:55,049 what are the best ways of making that 321 00:13:00,949 --> 00:12:58,619 kind of measurement okay so the radial 322 00:13:04,129 --> 00:13:00,959 velocity method was actually the first 323 00:13:06,169 --> 00:13:04,139 one that made up exoplanet discovery oh 324 00:13:10,519 --> 00:13:06,179 that was first I had it wrong on my ipod 325 00:13:12,410 --> 00:13:10,529 and it was me show my odd Geoff Marcy 326 00:13:15,109 --> 00:13:12,420 some of the early pioneers in this field 327 00:13:19,549 --> 00:13:15,119 and the basic idea is that if you have a 328 00:13:22,970 --> 00:13:19,559 star on its own it's it's and you add a 329 00:13:25,939 --> 00:13:22,980 planet you as the planet orbits 330 00:13:27,769 --> 00:13:25,949 start the combine center gravity of the 331 00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:27,779 two is just slightly offset from the 332 00:13:33,319 --> 00:13:30,990 center of the star and so you see the 333 00:13:36,110 --> 00:13:33,329 Stars and you know essentially orbit a 334 00:13:37,939 --> 00:13:36,120 very small amount and thus it's coming 335 00:13:40,610 --> 00:13:37,949 towards you and going away from you and 336 00:13:44,389 --> 00:13:40,620 you can actually measure that velocity 337 00:13:47,540 --> 00:13:44,399 in the dispersed light from the star you 338 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:47,550 need extremely high sensitivity to do 339 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:48,810 that because you're talking about 340 00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:52,170 measuring the order of kilometers or 341 00:13:57,439 --> 00:13:55,199 second differences in the lines as they 342 00:13:58,939 --> 00:13:57,449 move backwards and forwards so to do 343 00:14:02,120 --> 00:13:58,949 that you need very large ground-based 344 00:14:04,910 --> 00:14:02,130 telescopes that disperse the light you 345 00:14:06,560 --> 00:14:04,920 know a very large amount but a large 346 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:06,570 number of the original planet 347 00:14:10,939 --> 00:14:08,250 discoveries were found using this 348 00:14:12,650 --> 00:14:10,949 technique and then we realize that some 349 00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:12,660 of these stars were probably transiting 350 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:15,000 and we started to follow up the 351 00:14:19,490 --> 00:14:16,850 observations using the transit technique 352 00:14:21,170 --> 00:14:19,500 right so let's bring them together real 353 00:14:23,090 --> 00:14:21,180 quick so there's each of these methods 354 00:14:24,410 --> 00:14:23,100 has their own strengths and weaknesses 355 00:14:26,629 --> 00:14:24,420 and we can get different information 356 00:14:28,610 --> 00:14:26,639 about the exoplanet from each one you 357 00:14:30,290 --> 00:14:28,620 want to tell us what what can we learn 358 00:14:33,319 --> 00:14:30,300 from transit methods about exoplanets 359 00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:33,329 versus a radial velocity yeah I think 360 00:14:38,569 --> 00:14:35,250 that the story really is that when you 361 00:14:40,519 --> 00:14:38,579 put the two together you if you combine 362 00:14:42,910 --> 00:14:40,529 a system where you've got radial 363 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:42,920 velocity measurements which give you the 364 00:14:51,470 --> 00:14:47,730 the mass times M Sinai or the with the 365 00:14:53,809 --> 00:14:51,480 inclination and the transit method which 366 00:14:55,730 --> 00:14:53,819 gives you some idea of the radius of the 367 00:14:58,370 --> 00:14:55,740 star when you combine those together you 368 00:15:00,949 --> 00:14:58,380 can actually back out the mass the 369 00:15:03,019 --> 00:15:00,959 radius and then you've got some idea of 370 00:15:04,819 --> 00:15:03,029 the density and since you know the 371 00:15:06,889 --> 00:15:04,829 radius of the star you can start making 372 00:15:08,990 --> 00:15:06,899 inferences about the composition of the 373 00:15:10,730 --> 00:15:09,000 planet so when you put these two 374 00:15:13,250 --> 00:15:10,740 techniques together you start to get 375 00:15:14,930 --> 00:15:13,260 really useful data you know the kind of 376 00:15:17,750 --> 00:15:14,940 stuff astronomers like where you plot 377 00:15:19,759 --> 00:15:17,760 mass and radius on a on a chart and you 378 00:15:23,329 --> 00:15:19,769 can start to categorize these different 379 00:15:24,889 --> 00:15:23,339 planets does not do that right that it 380 00:15:26,930 --> 00:15:24,899 just does the radio or the transit 381 00:15:28,730 --> 00:15:26,940 method correct right so Kepler was 382 00:15:32,319 --> 00:15:28,740 designed to answer one very simple 383 00:15:35,090 --> 00:15:32,329 question what fraction of stars have a 384 00:15:36,889 --> 00:15:35,100 terrestrial or rocky planet orbiting 385 00:15:39,619 --> 00:15:36,899 them so it's really a 386 00:15:42,009 --> 00:15:39,629 Society in statistics but that's a very 387 00:15:44,449 --> 00:15:42,019 important number to know because 388 00:15:47,179 --> 00:15:44,459 ultimately we would like to directly 389 00:15:49,759 --> 00:15:47,189 image earth-like planets around other 390 00:15:51,710 --> 00:15:49,769 stars and even gets better of them but 391 00:15:54,290 --> 00:15:51,720 we can't really build a telescope to do 392 00:15:56,359 --> 00:15:54,300 that until we know what the probability 393 00:15:58,699 --> 00:15:56,369 that if we look at a given star it's 394 00:16:01,069 --> 00:15:58,709 gonna have a terrestrial planet it 395 00:16:03,169 --> 00:16:01,079 really determines how big your your 396 00:16:04,699 --> 00:16:03,179 mirror has to be so that's a very 397 00:16:06,859 --> 00:16:04,709 important number that we need to 398 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:06,869 understand and that's what Kepler was 399 00:16:13,189 --> 00:16:11,850 designed to do so we got transit method 400 00:16:15,889 --> 00:16:13,199 will show you something about the radius 401 00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:15,899 of the planet and the radial velocity 402 00:16:19,340 --> 00:16:17,160 method will give you some idea of how 403 00:16:20,660 --> 00:16:19,350 massive the planet is so yeah he knows 404 00:16:24,169 --> 00:16:20,670 together we can get a pretty complete 405 00:16:27,319 --> 00:16:24,179 indirect picture of the the exoplanet 406 00:16:28,579 --> 00:16:27,329 itself but we're not satisfied with that 407 00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:28,589 either I mean this is how it's been done 408 00:16:32,389 --> 00:16:31,110 with the past and now we want to look at 409 00:16:33,859 --> 00:16:32,399 these things directly you said at the 410 00:16:36,439 --> 00:16:33,869 beginning that one of your research 411 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:36,449 interest is to observe exoplanets 412 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:38,730 directly can we do that now 413 00:16:44,809 --> 00:16:43,170 yes we can so observing exoplanet is 414 00:16:47,929 --> 00:16:44,819 directly it's a real challenge because 415 00:16:49,939 --> 00:16:47,939 they are extremely faint and they're 416 00:16:53,059 --> 00:16:49,949 orbiting very close to stars that are 417 00:16:55,160 --> 00:16:53,069 extremely bright and contrast so this 418 00:16:58,160 --> 00:16:55,170 whole field we call high dynamic range 419 00:17:00,169 --> 00:16:58,170 imaging or high contrast imaging and the 420 00:17:03,530 --> 00:17:00,179 basic idea is that you need to figure 421 00:17:05,750 --> 00:17:03,540 out a way whereby you can essentially 422 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:05,760 suppress the light from the star you're 423 00:17:10,340 --> 00:17:08,010 looking at so that you can increase the 424 00:17:13,039 --> 00:17:10,350 region of contrast around the star and 425 00:17:17,210 --> 00:17:13,049 be able to direct the image of planet 426 00:17:19,579 --> 00:17:17,220 and just to give you an example if you 427 00:17:22,340 --> 00:17:19,589 were looking at our Sun from another 428 00:17:25,069 --> 00:17:22,350 solar system Jupiter will be about a 429 00:17:27,289 --> 00:17:25,079 billion times fainter than the star and 430 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:27,299 if you were looking at the earth it will 431 00:17:32,269 --> 00:17:29,490 be about ten billion times fainter but 432 00:17:34,190 --> 00:17:32,279 also much closer and it's it's a very 433 00:17:36,139 --> 00:17:34,200 difficult very challenging problem it 434 00:17:38,539 --> 00:17:36,149 you have to think about a lot of 435 00:17:40,370 --> 00:17:38,549 different optical aspects of your 436 00:17:43,130 --> 00:17:40,380 telescope design when you try to do this 437 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:43,140 so I was I was just going to comment and 438 00:17:50,210 --> 00:17:47,250 jump in here is that in the initial in 439 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:50,220 any of these studies especially the 440 00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:50,610 trends 441 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:53,760 method initially they were large planets 442 00:17:57,620 --> 00:17:55,650 that were found for the reasons that 443 00:17:59,510 --> 00:17:57,630 Mark was talking about is you need a big 444 00:18:02,330 --> 00:17:59,520 dip but you needed to go around several 445 00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:02,340 times where you needed to do that you 446 00:18:08,990 --> 00:18:06,000 can't have it's hard to detect a planet 447 00:18:11,840 --> 00:18:09,000 that is going to take ten years you know 448 00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:11,850 to cross in front of its star from your 449 00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:15,840 perspective so what happened was that 450 00:18:24,530 --> 00:18:21,360 many of the Jupiter Saturn type planets 451 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:24,540 that were found were relatively close to 452 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:26,610 their parent star which is not the 453 00:18:30,470 --> 00:18:28,290 situation that we have in our solar 454 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:30,480 system so that was a puzzle for a while 455 00:18:36,590 --> 00:18:33,330 but it it's an artifact to the fact that 456 00:18:39,140 --> 00:18:36,600 that's how the transit observations work 457 00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:39,150 is that they are predisposed to find 458 00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:41,250 things that block a lot of light and are 459 00:18:46,190 --> 00:18:43,440 close to the parent star and go around a 460 00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:46,200 lot but that doesn't mean those are the 461 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:49,710 only planets around other stars yeah 462 00:18:52,940 --> 00:18:51,090 there's a but there's an inherent bias 463 00:18:54,680 --> 00:18:52,950 in that observation because yeah it has 464 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:54,690 to it has to pass the night it has to 465 00:18:58,250 --> 00:18:56,850 pass between us and the star of the even 466 00:19:00,380 --> 00:18:58,260 know it's there we don't get those other 467 00:19:02,510 --> 00:19:00,390 right and also Mark had mentioned 468 00:19:06,230 --> 00:19:02,520 inclination so if you have an 469 00:19:08,510 --> 00:19:06,240 inclination which is close to what we 470 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:08,520 call edge onto the planet when it does 471 00:19:13,490 --> 00:19:11,010 orbit it crosses in front of the disk of 472 00:19:16,159 --> 00:19:13,500 the star we can see that dip but if it's 473 00:19:19,190 --> 00:19:16,169 or if the our vantage point is different 474 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:19,200 we may not ever see that there are stars 475 00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:22,410 that don't know that have planets that 476 00:19:25,970 --> 00:19:23,910 we just haven't seen them so we need 477 00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:25,980 these other techniques so if anything 478 00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:28,080 Kepler has undercounted its region of 479 00:19:30,950 --> 00:19:29,700 the sky that is looking at because it's 480 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:30,960 only counting those with the 481 00:19:36,049 --> 00:19:32,490 line-of-sight issues that we just talked 482 00:19:38,510 --> 00:19:36,059 about i Scott can you put that and that 483 00:19:40,970 --> 00:19:38,520 one animation back up where the worth of 484 00:19:45,950 --> 00:19:40,980 the planet going around the star and 485 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:45,960 while he's doing - they're all through 486 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:47,850 the one the first one the first one you 487 00:19:51,770 --> 00:19:49,530 show us one yes come by the transit 488 00:19:56,710 --> 00:19:51,780 method and the route of import 489 00:20:10,860 --> 00:19:56,720 planet going around all right all right 490 00:20:16,120 --> 00:20:14,890 that one okay you gotta read my mind 491 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:16,130 Scott I thought that's what that's what 492 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:20,570 you did so I'm not too directly so to 493 00:20:25,149 --> 00:20:22,730 directly see this planet we're gonna 494 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:25,159 need to block the light out from the 495 00:20:30,010 --> 00:20:27,890 star somehow and to do that we use 496 00:20:33,310 --> 00:20:30,020 something you know we use something 497 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:33,320 called a coronagraph to see things close 498 00:20:38,020 --> 00:20:36,530 to the Sun to see for example the the 499 00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:38,030 atmosphere of the Sun we block out the 500 00:20:45,460 --> 00:20:41,570 disk using just a you know Anna Coulter 501 00:20:47,470 --> 00:20:45,470 here is it better to when we in order to 502 00:20:49,149 --> 00:20:47,480 see this exoplanet directly the one that 503 00:20:51,460 --> 00:20:49,159 Scott is currently showing we would have 504 00:20:54,970 --> 00:20:51,470 to somehow block the light from That 505 00:20:57,640 --> 00:20:54,980 star and we would see it like stuck if 506 00:20:59,470 --> 00:20:57,650 we Scott stopped it when it gets off to 507 00:21:01,390 --> 00:20:59,480 the limb of the star like right there if 508 00:21:02,919 --> 00:21:01,400 you can stop it somewhere when it gets 509 00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:02,929 to the side there you go yeah well 510 00:21:05,770 --> 00:21:03,860 that's close enough 511 00:21:07,210 --> 00:21:05,780 it's okay in order to see that we'd have 512 00:21:09,940 --> 00:21:07,220 to block the light out from that star 513 00:21:12,130 --> 00:21:09,950 right that is correct yes but we need 514 00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:12,140 the orientation to be such that it's 515 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:13,880 either off to one side or the other this 516 00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:17,450 is only for exoplanets that are within 517 00:21:24,159 --> 00:21:21,710 our society exactly and so Scott's just 518 00:21:25,630 --> 00:21:24,169 put up a picture of a system called 519 00:21:28,169 --> 00:21:25,640 formal heart which is one I actually 520 00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:28,179 studied with Hubble Space Telescope and 521 00:21:33,279 --> 00:21:31,610 in this one you can actually see how of 522 00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:33,289 the chronograph on the advanced camera 523 00:21:39,789 --> 00:21:37,610 and subsequently Stace worked so we 524 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:39,799 block out the light from the central 525 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:41,570 star in this case former heart which is 526 00:21:45,580 --> 00:21:43,490 extremely bright star in the southern 527 00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:45,590 hemisphere and what you see in that 528 00:21:54,190 --> 00:21:50,090 image is a ring of dust very analogous 529 00:21:57,880 --> 00:21:54,200 to the Kuiper belt disc in our own solar 530 00:22:01,529 --> 00:21:57,890 system and then just inside it's 531 00:22:04,029 --> 00:22:01,539 highlighted in a box several different 532 00:22:06,370 --> 00:22:04,039 observations of a planet that's actually 533 00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:06,380 orbit informal heart and this we were 534 00:22:10,630 --> 00:22:09,080 able to do using direct imaging high 535 00:22:14,169 --> 00:22:10,640 contrast imaging with the Hubble Space 536 00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:14,179 Telescope yeah I know you said it 537 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:16,940 yourself the debris disc around that is 538 00:22:20,650 --> 00:22:18,890 very visible here huh yeah so how is 539 00:22:23,410 --> 00:22:20,660 this done how do you block out the light 540 00:22:27,510 --> 00:22:23,420 from these from these stars so put very 541 00:22:30,790 --> 00:22:27,520 simply you put very simply you have a 542 00:22:34,090 --> 00:22:30,800 some kind of mask in your optical system 543 00:22:36,790 --> 00:22:34,100 so you focus the light from the image 544 00:22:39,610 --> 00:22:36,800 down onto a very small mask and then you 545 00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:39,620 re have to reimage that light and also 546 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:41,600 block out a lot of the scattered light 547 00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:43,850 that's produced by optical effects in 548 00:22:50,350 --> 00:22:47,600 the system once you've done that you can 549 00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:50,360 then re image the picture again and it 550 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:53,090 it gives you a pretty good what we call 551 00:22:57,370 --> 00:22:55,010 circumstellar image an image of the 552 00:23:00,100 --> 00:22:57,380 region around the star you don't always 553 00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:00,110 get to remove most the light from the 554 00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:02,930 central star so certainly in the case of 555 00:23:07,630 --> 00:23:04,880 Hubble which cannot achieve the kind of 556 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:07,640 contrasts I mentioned so Hubble we can 557 00:23:14,290 --> 00:23:11,330 get contrasts of about a thousand to ten 558 00:23:15,820 --> 00:23:14,300 thousand maybe so to do Hubble 559 00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:15,830 observations we actually take a picture 560 00:23:20,230 --> 00:23:18,080 of our system and then we take a picture 561 00:23:22,870 --> 00:23:20,240 of a star that we don't think has a 562 00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:22,880 planet or several stars that we don't 563 00:23:27,490 --> 00:23:24,410 think have a planet and we actually have 564 00:23:29,590 --> 00:23:27,500 to do a subtraction of one from the 565 00:23:31,810 --> 00:23:29,600 other to remove the residual halo of 566 00:23:35,170 --> 00:23:31,820 light so that we can actually find these 567 00:23:36,580 --> 00:23:35,180 planets oh wow okay so I understand in 568 00:23:38,920 --> 00:23:36,590 this diagram that that's up right now I 569 00:23:40,540 --> 00:23:38,930 understand the occulting spot part I get 570 00:23:42,490 --> 00:23:40,550 I get what's going on there but I don't 571 00:23:45,540 --> 00:23:42,500 understand the leo stop what is that 572 00:23:48,460 --> 00:23:45,550 doing so the Leo stop is to deal with 573 00:23:50,650 --> 00:23:48,470 what we call diffraction so every edge 574 00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:50,660 in the optical system the telescope 575 00:23:55,150 --> 00:23:52,880 spider that holds a secondary mirror the 576 00:23:57,220 --> 00:23:55,160 edge of the secondary mirror the edge of 577 00:23:59,950 --> 00:23:57,230 the primary mirror is diffracting light 578 00:24:03,010 --> 00:23:59,960 and you can first order think of that as 579 00:24:05,860 --> 00:24:03,020 just scattering light and so that light 580 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:05,870 needs to be suppressed so the leo filter 581 00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:07,610 just removes although that scattered 582 00:24:12,550 --> 00:24:10,040 light in what we call the pupil plane 583 00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:12,560 and then when you re image you don't get 584 00:24:17,310 --> 00:24:14,900 all of that additional stray light or 585 00:24:21,310 --> 00:24:17,320 scattered light contaminating your image 586 00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:21,320 now this is a very simple coronagraph 587 00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:24,110 design it's the original EO design that 588 00:24:27,910 --> 00:24:25,760 I showed you there are lots more now 589 00:24:30,670 --> 00:24:27,920 which are infinitely more complicated 590 00:24:32,890 --> 00:24:30,680 that use bending mirrors the 591 00:24:35,740 --> 00:24:32,900 for mobile mirrors and there are also 592 00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:35,750 designs use you know very small 593 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:38,570 interferometers to interfere pieces of 594 00:24:42,460 --> 00:24:40,250 the light in the focal plane with each 595 00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:42,470 other to block out the light from the 596 00:24:47,650 --> 00:24:44,510 central star so there's a there's a 597 00:24:49,450 --> 00:24:47,660 whole universe of different approaches 598 00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:49,460 to doing choreography now based on 599 00:24:53,860 --> 00:24:51,800 different optical techniques right so 600 00:24:56,710 --> 00:24:53,870 the future of exoplanet observations is 601 00:24:59,470 --> 00:24:56,720 to see them directly and let's talk 602 00:25:02,650 --> 00:24:59,480 about what JWST is planning on doing 603 00:25:04,510 --> 00:25:02,660 they have is it correct me if I'm wrong 604 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:04,520 but is that what the micro shutters are 605 00:25:07,690 --> 00:25:05,690 supposed to be for there's these things 606 00:25:10,030 --> 00:25:07,700 called micro shutters on JWST that are 607 00:25:13,330 --> 00:25:10,040 designed I think to block out light from 608 00:25:16,060 --> 00:25:13,340 stars is that correct the micro shutters 609 00:25:18,550 --> 00:25:16,070 are actually allowed to allow us to look 610 00:25:21,220 --> 00:25:18,560 at multiple objects at the same time so 611 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:21,230 they're more geared towards the deep 612 00:25:28,870 --> 00:25:25,490 imaging of galaxies problem but several 613 00:25:31,210 --> 00:25:28,880 of the JWST instruments have 614 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:31,220 coronagraphs built into them that will 615 00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:33,410 give us different levels of performance 616 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:35,810 in near-infrared and then the medium 617 00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:38,330 Freret so in the near-infrared we use 618 00:25:44,350 --> 00:25:41,510 very traditional coronagraphs much like 619 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:44,360 the one we just saw in the figure in the 620 00:25:48,460 --> 00:25:46,490 mid infrared at longer wavelengths we 621 00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:48,470 actually use a small interferometer 622 00:25:53,770 --> 00:25:50,690 where we divide the focal plane into 623 00:25:56,470 --> 00:25:53,780 four and in to interfere pieces against 624 00:26:00,010 --> 00:25:56,480 each other to block out on now the light 625 00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:00,020 from the central star so JWST has some 626 00:26:05,380 --> 00:26:02,960 extremely capable coronagraphs and they 627 00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:05,390 will allow us to really study that 628 00:26:09,970 --> 00:26:08,000 parameter space that isn't sort of met 629 00:26:12,550 --> 00:26:09,980 by doing transit observations to further 630 00:26:15,150 --> 00:26:12,560 out objects but all bits of you know 631 00:26:17,860 --> 00:26:15,160 roughly akin to jupiter and further out 632 00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:17,870 ok well that you brought up the topic I 633 00:26:21,910 --> 00:26:19,310 want to get to it whereas as an 634 00:26:24,310 --> 00:26:21,920 exoplanet researcher what most excites 635 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:24,320 you about JWST I mean what kinds of 636 00:26:29,950 --> 00:26:25,610 planets are we going to be able to image 637 00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:29,960 with that so I I think for me the two 638 00:26:34,780 --> 00:26:32,210 most exciting things are one being able 639 00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:34,790 to take images of systems like formal 640 00:26:40,270 --> 00:26:36,530 hearts at different wavelengths I think 641 00:26:42,910 --> 00:26:40,280 we all really be able to stop the piece 642 00:26:44,140 --> 00:26:42,920 apart that system now by imaging at 643 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:44,150 different wavelengths we can see 644 00:26:49,780 --> 00:26:44,690 different 645 00:26:51,850 --> 00:26:49,790 are dust within the system and we can 646 00:26:53,650 --> 00:26:51,860 also hunt for the other planets that we 647 00:26:57,400 --> 00:26:53,660 think might be there that we can't right 648 00:27:00,130 --> 00:26:57,410 now see as far as the transiting systems 649 00:27:02,830 --> 00:27:00,140 goes that's where I think JWST is going 650 00:27:04,450 --> 00:27:02,840 to be the killer application it just has 651 00:27:07,540 --> 00:27:04,460 everything you need to do really 652 00:27:09,220 --> 00:27:07,550 fantastic transiting exoplanet science 653 00:27:12,010 --> 00:27:09,230 and we haven't actually talked much 654 00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:12,020 about doing spectroscopy but the next 655 00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:14,240 step in doing transit transiting 656 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:16,970 observations is to disperse the light as 657 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:19,490 you measure the transit and by doing 658 00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:21,290 that you can actually back out the 659 00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:23,480 spectrum or the dispersed light 660 00:27:27,910 --> 00:27:25,910 signature of the planet's atmosphere and 661 00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:27,920 once you can do that then you can start 662 00:27:31,750 --> 00:27:29,420 studying lots of different planets 663 00:27:34,810 --> 00:27:31,760 looking at their atmospheres and really 664 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:34,820 doing a lot more comparison of different 665 00:27:40,390 --> 00:27:37,730 types of planets so can you can you 666 00:27:42,430 --> 00:27:40,400 quantify that a little bit how we work 667 00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:42,440 presumably we're doing are we able to 668 00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:44,210 wobble to me back up are we able to do 669 00:27:48,010 --> 00:27:45,830 this now with anything that currently 670 00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:48,020 exists get these get the composition of 671 00:27:55,140 --> 00:27:51,200 exoplanet atmospheres so we can do this 672 00:27:57,220 --> 00:27:55,150 now with HST is they're extremely hard 673 00:27:59,680 --> 00:27:57,230 observations as you said because a 674 00:28:02,290 --> 00:27:59,690 single transit can last many hours and 675 00:28:04,930 --> 00:28:02,300 you know Hubble goes around the earth 676 00:28:06,910 --> 00:28:04,940 every 90 minutes so you only get half of 677 00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:06,920 90 minutes to actually do science you 678 00:28:11,770 --> 00:28:08,810 have to piece together several transits 679 00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:11,780 and Hubble doesn't work out into the 680 00:28:16,980 --> 00:28:13,700 full range of the near-infrared you know 681 00:28:20,320 --> 00:28:16,990 it does you know what one to 1.7 microns 682 00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:20,330 rather than one to five which JW can do 683 00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:23,510 and then JW can also do the 5 to 30 684 00:28:31,620 --> 00:28:26,690 range W it's kind of like you're on 685 00:28:36,070 --> 00:28:34,330 that's right yeah I called me on the 686 00:28:39,370 --> 00:28:36,080 breast ice and NDT cuz we're like that 687 00:28:41,470 --> 00:28:39,380 so yeah and and the other thing is that 688 00:28:44,110 --> 00:28:41,480 spits has also started to do this but 689 00:28:46,690 --> 00:28:44,120 it's has to build up a spectrum by 690 00:28:48,730 --> 00:28:46,700 taking images and then you get a 691 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:48,740 spectrum with what we call a spectral 692 00:28:52,930 --> 00:28:51,170 energy distribution four or five data 693 00:28:55,270 --> 00:28:52,940 points and you're trying to fit to those 694 00:28:57,580 --> 00:28:55,280 so being able to get a real spectrum 695 00:28:58,570 --> 00:28:57,590 with a very high resolution in a single 696 00:29:00,759 --> 00:28:58,580 transit which is 697 00:29:02,830 --> 00:29:00,769 James Webb will give you is that going 698 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:02,840 to be very powerful okay that brings to 699 00:29:05,230 --> 00:29:04,010 the question I initially wanted to ask 700 00:29:07,419 --> 00:29:05,240 you which we can you quantify it a 701 00:29:09,460 --> 00:29:07,429 little bit how much better JWST might do 702 00:29:12,370 --> 00:29:09,470 then how these current observations are 703 00:29:15,940 --> 00:29:12,380 being done or I don't know maybe orders 704 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:15,950 of magnitude estimate that's tough but 705 00:29:20,740 --> 00:29:17,690 you know you know the bottom line is 706 00:29:23,710 --> 00:29:20,750 that most of the observations we're 707 00:29:25,539 --> 00:29:23,720 doing now the resolutions may be the 708 00:29:28,210 --> 00:29:25,549 order of spectral resolution of a 709 00:29:30,190 --> 00:29:28,220 hundred with jwe we can go to two 710 00:29:32,590 --> 00:29:30,200 thousand three thousand spectral 711 00:29:34,810 --> 00:29:32,600 resolution and we can get get a full 712 00:29:37,570 --> 00:29:34,820 transit in one visit for a lot of gas 713 00:29:39,310 --> 00:29:37,580 giant planets so you've said that the 714 00:29:42,810 --> 00:29:39,320 the transit method is going to be one of 715 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:42,820 the bread-and-butter uh applications of 716 00:29:52,509 --> 00:29:49,730 JWST or you said JW yeah so what did did 717 00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:52,519 the results from Kepler surprised you at 718 00:29:59,500 --> 00:29:55,490 all as a scientist just how many planets 719 00:30:02,950 --> 00:29:59,510 Kepler found I know I think one of the 720 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:02,960 thing I know I was I have actually one 721 00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:04,730 of the believers who was expecting that 722 00:30:09,159 --> 00:30:06,620 Kepler would find a lot of planets and 723 00:30:11,529 --> 00:30:09,169 it has I think it's been one of the 724 00:30:14,409 --> 00:30:11,539 surprising things is just how many small 725 00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:14,419 planets and also planets in the sort of 726 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:17,450 super earth range midway between the 727 00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:20,210 size of our earth and uranus and neptune 728 00:30:25,870 --> 00:30:23,570 so it's discovered i for me one of its 729 00:30:29,620 --> 00:30:25,880 big discoveries is just how many super s 730 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:29,630 and small rocky there are out there yeah 731 00:30:33,730 --> 00:30:31,370 i bring that up because one of the big 732 00:30:35,740 --> 00:30:33,740 things that I always hear JWST project 733 00:30:37,090 --> 00:30:35,750 members talk about is that one of the 734 00:30:39,220 --> 00:30:37,100 most exciting things about the James 735 00:30:41,470 --> 00:30:39,230 Webb Space Telescope isn't the kinds of 736 00:30:43,210 --> 00:30:41,480 science that we are we know we can do 737 00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:43,220 with Jay are the kinds of answers are 738 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:44,570 two questions we know we're going to get 739 00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:47,570 but the answers to questions that we do 740 00:30:52,180 --> 00:30:49,370 haven't even thought to answer ask yet 741 00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:52,190 and so there's a whole unknown area of 742 00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:54,710 things that we expect JWST will show us 743 00:30:59,440 --> 00:30:56,690 and from Kay and I use Kepler as an 744 00:31:01,180 --> 00:30:59,450 example because from my mind I think 745 00:31:03,310 --> 00:31:01,190 it's just blown everybody away I mean 746 00:31:06,639 --> 00:31:03,320 staring at one spot in the sky for years 747 00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:06,649 and years is a pretty simple thing to do 748 00:31:11,620 --> 00:31:09,110 and it blew us away with what it is 749 00:31:13,870 --> 00:31:11,630 about our place in the universe so 750 00:31:16,810 --> 00:31:13,880 I'm just excited about JWST coming out 751 00:31:18,460 --> 00:31:16,820 but that's not all let's talk about some 752 00:31:20,620 --> 00:31:18,470 other things well real quick before we 753 00:31:25,270 --> 00:31:20,630 do that for those that aren't aware of 754 00:31:27,610 --> 00:31:25,280 the just how spectacular JWST is I mean 755 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:27,620 I know you and I've done some outreach 756 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:30,050 with the full-scale model but here's a 757 00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:33,370 wonderful animation just showing how 758 00:31:44,410 --> 00:31:40,310 fantastic de WS t is so it's going to be 759 00:31:46,360 --> 00:31:44,420 owned at the the l2 point and it is what 760 00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:46,370 the area of a tennis court and four 761 00:31:54,010 --> 00:31:48,230 stories tall is that about accurate 762 00:31:56,230 --> 00:31:54,020 that's right it's the best rent and I 763 00:31:58,630 --> 00:31:56,240 was as I was telling you earlier Tony I 764 00:32:01,270 --> 00:31:58,640 just participated in the first-ever 765 00:32:03,220 --> 00:32:01,280 deployment of those five layers on the 766 00:32:05,740 --> 00:32:03,230 ground and it's really amazing when 767 00:32:07,030 --> 00:32:05,750 you're standing inside the tennis I know 768 00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:07,040 and I want to do and I want to get you 769 00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:08,480 back and another hangout to talk about 770 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:10,160 that specifically because I want to know 771 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:11,930 how it went maybe everything's on track 772 00:32:15,640 --> 00:32:13,610 if you guys learned anything on you 773 00:32:17,230 --> 00:32:15,650 doing that deployment but unfortunately 774 00:32:19,210 --> 00:32:17,240 we don't have time because I want to get 775 00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:19,220 to so many other things so mark your 776 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:21,110 calendar and for another for another 777 00:32:29,590 --> 00:32:25,210 hangout where we'll go into this okay so 778 00:32:30,730 --> 00:32:29,600 a Coulter well what's the next I'll let 779 00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:30,740 you drive this part of the conversation 780 00:32:33,070 --> 00:32:32,030 yeah what do you want to talk about 781 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:33,080 knife you've got all these different 782 00:32:37,540 --> 00:32:34,610 missions coming up we've got something 783 00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:37,550 called at last we've got tests we've got 784 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:42,110 we've got star shades coming up what 785 00:32:49,780 --> 00:32:46,010 would pick your pick one so let me start 786 00:32:51,730 --> 00:32:49,790 with test so as you said Kepler has done 787 00:32:54,130 --> 00:32:51,740 a great job of answering the question 788 00:32:56,260 --> 00:32:54,140 you know what's the probability if I 789 00:32:58,870 --> 00:32:56,270 look at a star it's got a planet the 790 00:33:01,510 --> 00:32:58,880 terrestrial planet around it but a lot 791 00:33:03,490 --> 00:33:01,520 of the targets that Kepler is 792 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:03,500 identifying forests are just way too 793 00:33:08,860 --> 00:33:06,050 faint to be able to do good spectroscopy 794 00:33:10,510 --> 00:33:08,870 with James Webb so it turns out that 795 00:33:12,820 --> 00:33:10,520 even though James Webb is six and a half 796 00:33:14,620 --> 00:33:12,830 meters across the kind of signal 797 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:14,630 strengths you need to in order to be 798 00:33:19,210 --> 00:33:16,370 able to back out the spectrum in these 799 00:33:20,830 --> 00:33:19,220 planets you need much brighter power and 800 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:20,840 Stiles to be able to do the observations 801 00:33:25,510 --> 00:33:24,290 so my colleague George Ricker at MIT 802 00:33:28,780 --> 00:33:25,520 came up with a mission 803 00:33:31,570 --> 00:33:28,790 which I'm participating called Tess and 804 00:33:35,830 --> 00:33:31,580 the basic idea of Tess is we're going to 805 00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:35,840 go find nearby transiting exoplanet Airy 806 00:33:42,370 --> 00:33:39,020 systems around bright stars that people 807 00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:42,380 can study using JWST or even the next 808 00:33:48,700 --> 00:33:44,210 generation of very large ground-based 809 00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:48,710 telescopes so that raises a problem how 810 00:33:53,590 --> 00:33:51,050 you know you've heard you have to stare 811 00:33:55,420 --> 00:33:53,600 for a long time so if you wanted to map 812 00:33:57,850 --> 00:33:55,430 all the bright stars in the sky how do 813 00:34:01,600 --> 00:33:57,860 you do that and George came up with this 814 00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:01,610 very neat approach using tests where we 815 00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:03,770 will map out the whole sky over two 816 00:34:08,770 --> 00:34:06,410 years and basically study most of the 817 00:34:10,810 --> 00:34:08,780 bright stars to see which ones would 818 00:34:13,210 --> 00:34:10,820 make great candidates follow up with 819 00:34:14,770 --> 00:34:13,220 JWST and again that's a transit 820 00:34:17,380 --> 00:34:14,780 telescope brightest looking at transits 821 00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:17,390 exactly it's a transit telescope it has 822 00:34:21,940 --> 00:34:20,450 four cameras and they basically scan the 823 00:34:23,830 --> 00:34:21,950 whole of the Northern Hemisphere and 824 00:34:27,280 --> 00:34:23,840 then the whole of the Sun Hemisphere and 825 00:34:30,730 --> 00:34:27,290 we get close to the ecliptic equator 826 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:30,740 something like a continuous period of 27 827 00:34:35,830 --> 00:34:33,890 days up to the ecliptic poles where Tess 828 00:34:39,610 --> 00:34:35,840 actually gets your four years coverage 829 00:34:41,620 --> 00:34:39,620 in the JWST continuous viewing zone so 830 00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:41,630 it's really geared towards finding 831 00:34:48,159 --> 00:34:44,510 targets wins it wins it launching so 832 00:34:52,090 --> 00:34:48,169 that one will launch in 2017 2017 right 833 00:34:54,210 --> 00:34:52,100 before the JWST goes up so that'll then 834 00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:54,220 that's an entire sky survey of 835 00:34:58,660 --> 00:34:56,330 transiting exoplanets so that's going to 836 00:35:00,220 --> 00:34:58,670 be exciting and but it will not image 837 00:35:01,830 --> 00:35:00,230 directly that's one of the things even 838 00:35:03,610 --> 00:35:01,840 though we said it's the future of 839 00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:03,620 exoplanet observations that's not 840 00:35:08,830 --> 00:35:04,970 necessarily something the tests will be 841 00:35:11,320 --> 00:35:08,840 able to do right there of tests and the 842 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:11,330 four cameras going on - ah okay there's 843 00:35:13,740 --> 00:35:12,530 an image of the spacecraft so that's 844 00:35:23,890 --> 00:35:13,750 cool 845 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:23,900 at last so the the ultimate goal I think 846 00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:25,490 of a lot of people working in the field 847 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:28,370 of exoplanets right now is to find earth 848 00:35:35,620 --> 00:35:32,930 2.0 an earth-like planet orbiting a soda 849 00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:35,630 like star and what they would like to be 850 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:38,450 able to do is take images or conduct a 851 00:35:41,230 --> 00:35:39,410 survey and take 852 00:35:43,990 --> 00:35:41,240 images of these planets and then follow 853 00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:44,000 up by doing spectroscopy are the ones 854 00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:45,410 that are interesting to look for 855 00:35:49,810 --> 00:35:47,810 biomarkers you know the usual things 856 00:35:51,730 --> 00:35:49,820 that we would look for there's evidence 857 00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:51,740 that there might be the possibility of 858 00:35:57,490 --> 00:35:54,650 life on that planet and to do that you 859 00:36:00,070 --> 00:35:57,500 need to have a very large telescope so 860 00:36:03,250 --> 00:36:00,080 there are two approaches one is to build 861 00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:03,260 a 1012 metre telescope with a 862 00:36:08,860 --> 00:36:05,990 coronagraph and another is to build a 863 00:36:11,950 --> 00:36:08,870 large telescope and use this external a 864 00:36:14,230 --> 00:36:11,960 Coulter that you mentioned so in both 865 00:36:17,350 --> 00:36:14,240 cases they're very challenging problems 866 00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:17,360 because you're trying to measure planets 867 00:36:21,850 --> 00:36:19,310 that are extremely close to their bright 868 00:36:24,970 --> 00:36:21,860 central star and a 10 million times 869 00:36:28,090 --> 00:36:24,980 fainter so you've got to knock down 10 870 00:36:30,070 --> 00:36:28,100 billion times the light of the star so 871 00:36:31,720 --> 00:36:30,080 that you can bring up the contrast in 872 00:36:34,270 --> 00:36:31,730 the surrounding region enough to be able 873 00:36:36,160 --> 00:36:34,280 to identify the planets what's the 874 00:36:37,750 --> 00:36:36,170 acronym stand for I always forget what 875 00:36:40,630 --> 00:36:37,760 does that last stand for do you know a 876 00:36:44,620 --> 00:36:40,640 Bond technology large aperture Space 877 00:36:48,460 --> 00:36:44,630 Telescope okay and that that was not one 878 00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:48,470 of the ones that use the NRO chassis is 879 00:36:56,340 --> 00:36:53,570 it or my no so the the ones that use the 880 00:37:00,490 --> 00:36:56,350 those chassis czar is after which is 881 00:37:02,820 --> 00:37:00,500 also being called w first that that's 882 00:37:06,780 --> 00:37:02,830 the next mission that will come after 883 00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:06,790 JWST and is another step where they will 884 00:37:12,370 --> 00:37:09,350 include a chronograph that would allow 885 00:37:15,250 --> 00:37:12,380 them to take images of gas giant planets 886 00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:15,260 and possibly some super Earths right so 887 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:18,440 at last is kind of the end of the road 888 00:37:23,410 --> 00:37:22,010 if you like okay studying a 2.0 and 889 00:37:26,890 --> 00:37:23,420 there are a number of steps along the 890 00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:26,900 way you know JWST then this mission 891 00:37:34,810 --> 00:37:31,300 called w first and then this big 892 00:37:36,790 --> 00:37:34,820 flagship later on good so that with a 893 00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:36,800 lotta i just can't believe how many 894 00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:38,510 things are on the pipeline right now 895 00:37:42,340 --> 00:37:40,310 being built and and ready to be launched 896 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:42,350 one of them I'm most excited about is 897 00:37:47,980 --> 00:37:45,290 this thing that uses talked about a coal 898 00:37:50,050 --> 00:37:47,990 ting star so that we can see the planets 899 00:37:52,810 --> 00:37:50,060 directly is uses this thing called a 900 00:37:54,190 --> 00:37:52,820 star shade and Scott 901 00:37:56,980 --> 00:37:54,200 have some pretty cool animations can you 902 00:37:58,990 --> 00:37:56,990 put one of those up for us I can so I'm 903 00:38:01,680 --> 00:37:59,000 gonna look the first one first just to 904 00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:01,690 show it unfurling yeah yeah it's 905 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:04,310 fantastic yeah so mark while he's doing 906 00:38:06,460 --> 00:38:05,930 that why don't you describe what what 907 00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:06,470 this is 908 00:38:13,930 --> 00:38:11,090 so the ACOTA is one of the concepts that 909 00:38:17,290 --> 00:38:13,940 people are looking at for doing this 910 00:38:19,930 --> 00:38:17,300 earth 2.0 measurement and the basic idea 911 00:38:22,470 --> 00:38:19,940 is that you can either make the Large 912 00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:22,480 Telescope with the internal chronograph 913 00:38:28,060 --> 00:38:26,480 to extremely demanding specifications in 914 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:28,070 terms of its stability we're talking 915 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:31,130 about tens of Pico meters here you know 916 00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:34,010 and holding a big structure 1012 meters 917 00:38:39,670 --> 00:38:36,650 wide to that kind of tolerance an 918 00:38:42,370 --> 00:38:39,680 alternate approach is to go with this 919 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:42,380 external occulta which is basically a 920 00:38:48,130 --> 00:38:45,650 mask that you fly something like a 921 00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:48,140 hundred to 150,000 kilometers from the 922 00:38:53,290 --> 00:38:50,570 telescope then you align the two so that 923 00:38:56,610 --> 00:38:53,300 this free flying mask or a Coulter 924 00:38:59,380 --> 00:38:56,620 blocks out the light from the star and 925 00:39:01,960 --> 00:38:59,390 allows you to image the planets around 926 00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:01,970 the star with the coronagraph and the 927 00:39:06,070 --> 00:39:03,680 nice thing about this approach is that 928 00:39:08,890 --> 00:39:06,080 it doesn't put any demanding 929 00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:08,900 requirements on the telescope instead 930 00:39:13,330 --> 00:39:11,060 the demanding requirements of the mask 931 00:39:15,700 --> 00:39:13,340 which is you know extremely big you know 932 00:39:18,970 --> 00:39:15,710 we're talking 20 to 30 metres wide and 933 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:18,980 you have to fly in formation with the 934 00:39:22,690 --> 00:39:21,410 telescope to keep them aligned and then 935 00:39:24,820 --> 00:39:22,700 when you're ready to go to your next 936 00:39:27,490 --> 00:39:24,830 target you have to fly it around the sky 937 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:27,500 to align with your next target I don't 938 00:39:33,490 --> 00:39:29,690 look if it swings around abouts 939 00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:33,500 yeah I thought I did oh yes he was it 940 00:39:37,930 --> 00:39:35,690 was intricate look at that thing I mean 941 00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:37,940 that's amazing and you said it was how 942 00:39:41,950 --> 00:39:39,670 big again I'm sorry you said 30 943 00:39:44,550 --> 00:39:41,960 depending on the size of the telescope 944 00:39:46,930 --> 00:39:44,560 today it can be 20 to 30 meters diameter 945 00:39:49,180 --> 00:39:46,940 okay so this is a big thing we were 946 00:39:51,490 --> 00:39:49,190 talking about up in space so yeah and 947 00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:51,500 this is this is the this is showing this 948 00:39:54,970 --> 00:39:53,450 animation showing how it blocks the 949 00:39:58,150 --> 00:39:54,980 light light from the stars and you can 950 00:40:00,040 --> 00:39:58,160 see these planets becoming visible once 951 00:40:01,930 --> 00:40:00,050 that's been done because they are all 952 00:40:04,060 --> 00:40:01,940 that extraneous light as being as being 953 00:40:06,339 --> 00:40:04,070 blocked out what's up with that shape 954 00:40:09,719 --> 00:40:06,349 how come is shaped that way 955 00:40:12,819 --> 00:40:09,729 the shape is basically designed again to 956 00:40:16,929 --> 00:40:12,829 optimize the or minimize the diffracted 957 00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:16,939 light from the edge of the mask itself 958 00:40:22,059 --> 00:40:19,729 if you just use a circular aperture that 959 00:40:24,759 --> 00:40:22,069 circular edge you know creates a lot of 960 00:40:26,439 --> 00:40:24,769 scattered light or diffracted light that 961 00:40:28,449 --> 00:40:26,449 you don't want right where the planets 962 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:28,459 will be but by using this fully 963 00:40:32,709 --> 00:40:30,890 optimized shape you can basically decide 964 00:40:36,279 --> 00:40:32,719 where you want the diffracted light to 965 00:40:38,409 --> 00:40:36,289 finish up so it puts the scattered light 966 00:40:40,329 --> 00:40:38,419 where it's not going to interfere with 967 00:40:43,659 --> 00:40:40,339 your imaging of the planet saying it's a 968 00:40:45,549 --> 00:40:43,669 simple way of sort of putting it so how 969 00:40:47,319 --> 00:40:45,559 is this thing going to be pointed I mean 970 00:40:48,939 --> 00:40:47,329 you've got this thing flowing floating 971 00:40:53,140 --> 00:40:48,949 out in space I mean how do you point 972 00:40:54,759 --> 00:40:53,150 this thing very carefully right so this 973 00:40:56,769 --> 00:40:54,769 is one of the challenges that people are 974 00:40:59,319 --> 00:40:56,779 working on right now as I said that 975 00:41:02,229 --> 00:40:59,329 these things are still in the probably 976 00:41:04,209 --> 00:41:02,239 Bacoor the tray stage so we're trading 977 00:41:06,489 --> 00:41:04,219 off the benefits of the occult of us the 978 00:41:08,829 --> 00:41:06,499 benefits of the internal coronagraph and 979 00:41:11,649 --> 00:41:08,839 they each have their pros and cons and 980 00:41:14,679 --> 00:41:11,659 the idea is to figure out which one wins 981 00:41:17,140 --> 00:41:14,689 out at the end of the day ok in you know 982 00:41:20,199 --> 00:41:17,150 to align these things you have to have a 983 00:41:22,239 --> 00:41:20,209 way of the telescope knowing exactly 984 00:41:24,029 --> 00:41:22,249 where your coulter is and being able to 985 00:41:26,469 --> 00:41:24,039 stay aligned with respect to the ACOTA 986 00:41:29,349 --> 00:41:26,479 okay so as you so you just pointed out 987 00:41:33,159 --> 00:41:29,359 this is still being in the design stage 988 00:41:34,899 --> 00:41:33,169 or early early so no timelines or 989 00:41:37,659 --> 00:41:34,909 anything like that for when this might 990 00:41:39,329 --> 00:41:37,669 get deployed no yeah this is you know 991 00:41:42,549 --> 00:41:39,339 we're still in the sort of early days 992 00:41:44,559 --> 00:41:42,559 phase I would say okay but that's 993 00:41:46,089 --> 00:41:44,569 something definitely that's gonna wait 994 00:41:48,279 --> 00:41:46,099 and we're what well we know where it'll 995 00:41:51,339 --> 00:41:48,289 go right roughly it'll will go out to l2 996 00:41:53,409 --> 00:41:51,349 well well yeah but right most of these 997 00:41:55,569 --> 00:41:53,419 missions now are looking at going to our 998 00:41:58,599 --> 00:41:55,579 - in fact they actually all be l2 999 00:42:01,929 --> 00:41:58,609 they're not at l2 and let's talk real 1000 00:42:05,079 --> 00:42:01,939 quick what I was gonna okay I'll go for 1001 00:42:09,189 --> 00:42:05,089 Scott so we're talking about Lagrangian 1002 00:42:11,649 --> 00:42:09,199 points which are a balance as far as the 1003 00:42:14,109 --> 00:42:11,659 were the gravity and the mass are within 1004 00:42:16,809 --> 00:42:14,119 system so this is a particular point 1005 00:42:19,299 --> 00:42:16,819 that's where Jamie's WSC is going and 1006 00:42:20,140 --> 00:42:19,309 where we had other things go as well and 1007 00:42:22,089 --> 00:42:20,150 so we have different 1008 00:42:24,130 --> 00:42:22,099 points between us and the moon and the 1009 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:24,140 Sun and the way things are balanced out 1010 00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:26,720 within the gravity field we can hold 1011 00:42:32,380 --> 00:42:28,640 them there with very minimal adjustments 1012 00:42:34,329 --> 00:42:32,390 and that's why with JWST for instance we 1013 00:42:36,010 --> 00:42:34,339 do need have some fuel on board to 1014 00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:36,020 adjust but it's going to be staying 1015 00:42:40,870 --> 00:42:38,930 there primarily fairly easily and just 1016 00:42:43,930 --> 00:42:40,880 at those balancing points between 1017 00:42:46,599 --> 00:42:43,940 objects right it's it's a spot where it 1018 00:42:49,599 --> 00:42:46,609 will match Earth's orbit as it goes 1019 00:42:50,829 --> 00:42:49,609 around the Sun and will always be you 1020 00:42:52,839 --> 00:42:50,839 know we'll be able to look in the same 1021 00:42:54,910 --> 00:42:52,849 region to be able to communicate with it 1022 00:42:56,950 --> 00:42:54,920 and things like that so it's a really 1023 00:43:00,670 --> 00:42:56,960 important area in the solar system it's 1024 00:43:02,470 --> 00:43:00,680 also gonna get really crowded there any 1025 00:43:03,760 --> 00:43:02,480 worries about that mark any I mean we're 1026 00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:03,770 launching all this stuff and putting it 1027 00:43:09,940 --> 00:43:06,170 at l2 is there any any worries about 1028 00:43:12,250 --> 00:43:09,950 crowding you nodded l2 I mean that's an 1029 00:43:14,529 --> 00:43:12,260 extremely large volume of space I mean 1030 00:43:18,339 --> 00:43:14,539 as you know there's certainly growing 1031 00:43:20,710 --> 00:43:18,349 worries about the number of satellites 1032 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:20,720 in low Earth orbit and the impact that 1033 00:43:25,720 --> 00:43:23,930 you know debris when when you launch and 1034 00:43:28,559 --> 00:43:25,730 when you operate these satellites might 1035 00:43:31,240 --> 00:43:28,569 have on the you you know standard 1036 00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:31,250 operational modes of low Earth orbit 1037 00:43:36,519 --> 00:43:33,770 ones but out Adel - it's just not an 1038 00:43:40,150 --> 00:43:36,529 issue because it's such a big volume so 1039 00:43:42,010 --> 00:43:40,160 yeah so I guess exoplanets are probably 1040 00:43:43,510 --> 00:43:42,020 one of the most exciting areas of 1041 00:43:46,059 --> 00:43:43,520 astronomy right now it's certainly one 1042 00:43:48,220 --> 00:43:46,069 of the biggest growing and we've got a 1043 00:43:50,529 --> 00:43:48,230 lot not only in the building stages 1044 00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:50,539 coming up and how we plan to observe 1045 00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:52,160 exoplanets directly and we've given you 1046 00:43:55,390 --> 00:43:53,599 a brief overview about some of those 1047 00:43:57,339 --> 00:43:55,400 different ways and plans of the future 1048 00:43:59,109 --> 00:43:57,349 but I want to get to a couple of 1049 00:44:01,329 --> 00:43:59,119 comments here first of all Craig Landon 1050 00:44:06,940 --> 00:44:01,339 on YouTube is saying why doesn't anyone 1051 00:44:08,799 --> 00:44:06,950 mention Tess I think we did yeah there 1052 00:44:11,380 --> 00:44:08,809 you go Craig so we talked about Tess 1053 00:44:14,519 --> 00:44:11,390 it's coming up 2017 like Mark said it's 1054 00:44:17,230 --> 00:44:14,529 going to be a really great really great 1055 00:44:21,870 --> 00:44:17,240 piece of the exoplanet research puzzle 1056 00:44:26,289 --> 00:44:21,880 and here's one from let me see here I 1057 00:44:30,130 --> 00:44:26,299 went oops I just lost it there it is me 1058 00:44:33,009 --> 00:44:30,140 hello me hello Jeannot Jeannot Vic from 1059 00:44:35,409 --> 00:44:33,019 YouTube what do we need to do 1060 00:44:38,620 --> 00:44:35,419 to get images of exoplanets similar to 1061 00:44:40,899 --> 00:44:38,630 those of series or Pluto by Hubble do we 1062 00:44:43,509 --> 00:44:40,909 need to get 50 meter space-based mirror 1063 00:44:45,759 --> 00:44:43,519 or do we need much better camera 1064 00:44:50,679 --> 00:44:45,769 technology or even both so eight 1065 00:44:52,889 --> 00:44:50,689 unicorns space unicorns so what we do is 1066 00:44:57,389 --> 00:44:52,899 so what do we need to be able to see 1067 00:44:59,979 --> 00:44:57,399 smaller exoplanets like Pluto and Ceres 1068 00:45:02,769 --> 00:44:59,989 in order to do that you just need an 1069 00:45:04,269 --> 00:45:02,779 extremely large aperture because that's 1070 00:45:06,849 --> 00:45:04,279 the only way you can actually resolve 1071 00:45:09,130 --> 00:45:06,859 them I mean the better cameras might go 1072 00:45:11,259 --> 00:45:09,140 to better contrast but you'll never have 1073 00:45:15,069 --> 00:45:11,269 enough spatial resolution to really be 1074 00:45:18,089 --> 00:45:15,079 able to get the kind of resolution that 1075 00:45:20,259 --> 00:45:18,099 this question is asking for right so a 1076 00:45:21,699 --> 00:45:20,269 resolution with whether you can resolve 1077 00:45:23,319 --> 00:45:21,709 something as a function of two things 1078 00:45:27,279 --> 00:45:23,329 the wavelength you're looking at and the 1079 00:45:29,589 --> 00:45:27,289 diameter of the collecting surface and 1080 00:45:31,149 --> 00:45:29,599 so once you have depending on what 1081 00:45:32,709 --> 00:45:31,159 wavelength you're trying to look at it 1082 00:45:36,009 --> 00:45:32,719 at you can actually hope to resolve it 1083 00:45:37,899 --> 00:45:36,019 but these things are so small that to 1084 00:45:39,549 --> 00:45:37,909 look at them and other systems would 1085 00:45:41,409 --> 00:45:39,559 need an enormous telescope one that I 1086 00:45:44,949 --> 00:45:41,419 think is not even in the planning stages 1087 00:45:46,149 --> 00:45:44,959 right now so there's one here's a 1088 00:45:49,359 --> 00:45:46,159 comment here that I want to just bring 1089 00:45:52,749 --> 00:45:49,369 up on the Q&A app that has to do with 1090 00:45:55,959 --> 00:45:52,759 the extremely large telescope this is 1091 00:45:58,959 --> 00:45:55,969 from Mike Mike Oh Mike Oh Sarah I think 1092 00:46:01,899 --> 00:45:58,969 is how you pronounce it with the new 1093 00:46:04,599 --> 00:46:01,909 forty millimeter European extremely 1094 00:46:07,749 --> 00:46:04,609 large telescope which is a tremendously 1095 00:46:10,359 --> 00:46:07,759 imaginative name he says will it be able 1096 00:46:12,129 --> 00:46:10,369 to directly observe extrasolar planets 1097 00:46:15,370 --> 00:46:12,139 or EDD is Space Telescope with a star 1098 00:46:17,349 --> 00:46:15,380 shade so the extremely large extremely 1099 00:46:21,339 --> 00:46:17,359 large scale let's go as opposed to the 1100 00:46:23,919 --> 00:46:21,349 ESO has a very large telescope will it 1101 00:46:25,929 --> 00:46:23,929 be able to see anything so that they 1102 00:46:28,089 --> 00:46:25,939 will be able to do direct imaging of 1103 00:46:30,219 --> 00:46:28,099 guest's gas giant planets very easily I 1104 00:46:31,899 --> 00:46:30,229 think with that kind of aperture and 1105 00:46:33,789 --> 00:46:31,909 they'll be using additional techniques 1106 00:46:36,099 --> 00:46:33,799 that we didn't really mention today such 1107 00:46:39,759 --> 00:46:36,109 as adaptive optics which allow you to 1108 00:46:41,559 --> 00:46:39,769 correct for some of the aberrations that 1109 00:46:43,539 --> 00:46:41,569 you get in your optics from the 1110 00:46:46,269 --> 00:46:43,549 atmosphere so yes they'll be able to do 1111 00:46:46,930 --> 00:46:46,279 something I'm not sure they will be able 1112 00:46:50,620 --> 00:46:46,940 to dare 1113 00:46:55,089 --> 00:46:50,630 imager sighs planets may be super us in 1114 00:46:57,910 --> 00:46:55,099 special cases right and so here's 1115 00:46:59,500 --> 00:46:57,920 something from Adam synergy also on the 1116 00:47:01,809 --> 00:46:59,510 Q&A app he's asking what is the 1117 00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:01,819 scientific value of direct imaging of 1118 00:47:05,819 --> 00:47:04,010 exoplanets beyond producing a pretty 1119 00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:05,829 picture 1120 00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:10,910 so by getting direct images you can do a 1121 00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:12,710 number of things you can get the orbit 1122 00:47:17,410 --> 00:47:15,710 which is always very useful and there 1123 00:47:20,890 --> 00:47:17,420 are other things that we also didn't 1124 00:47:23,349 --> 00:47:20,900 really get into such as doing time 1125 00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:23,359 monitoring you can time monitor these 1126 00:47:28,270 --> 00:47:25,930 images and maybe see evidence of 1127 00:47:30,460 --> 00:47:28,280 continents or different structures on 1128 00:47:34,750 --> 00:47:30,470 the surface of the planet in this kind 1129 00:47:36,849 --> 00:47:34,760 of world our Becca you're telling me 1130 00:47:39,970 --> 00:47:36,859 that we'll be able to see we might be 1131 00:47:42,040 --> 00:47:39,980 able to see comments well you can't see 1132 00:47:44,250 --> 00:47:42,050 them but you can see variations in the 1133 00:47:50,550 --> 00:47:44,260 amount of light coming from the planet 1134 00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:54,339 people who are trying to do in a very 1135 00:47:59,650 --> 00:47:56,930 you know very coarse way try to 1136 00:48:02,589 --> 00:47:59,660 understand variations of the atmospheres 1137 00:48:04,510 --> 00:48:02,599 of Jupiter sized planets using Hubble 1138 00:48:06,370 --> 00:48:04,520 but if you have these larger telescopes 1139 00:48:09,819 --> 00:48:06,380 that are much more capable and the 1140 00:48:11,950 --> 00:48:09,829 infrared extended in Fred you might be 1141 00:48:13,240 --> 00:48:11,960 able to do that so yeah you're not going 1142 00:48:16,630 --> 00:48:13,250 to see the little continent swirling 1143 00:48:19,740 --> 00:48:16,640 around but changes but it's very similar 1144 00:48:22,839 --> 00:48:19,750 to the old Pluto observation same idea 1145 00:48:25,720 --> 00:48:22,849 okay so the idea the reflectivity of a 1146 00:48:27,819 --> 00:48:25,730 planet might change might be slightly 1147 00:48:30,309 --> 00:48:27,829 darker slightly brighter in some spots 1148 00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:30,319 depending on the topographic features it 1149 00:48:34,329 --> 00:48:32,450 has exactly and there was actually a 1150 00:48:36,690 --> 00:48:34,339 very nice demonstration of this by the 1151 00:48:38,950 --> 00:48:36,700 EPOXI mission which looked back at Earth 1152 00:48:42,190 --> 00:48:38,960 when they were on their way to their 1153 00:48:45,730 --> 00:48:42,200 last target and they actually do see 1154 00:48:47,710 --> 00:48:45,740 some of the some of those some of this 1155 00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:47,720 structure in the time monitoring that 1156 00:48:52,030 --> 00:48:50,210 they were able to do yeah who says we 1157 00:49:00,020 --> 00:48:52,040 don't have creative names or imaginative 1158 00:49:03,859 --> 00:49:00,030 name I'm thinking up those names right 1159 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:03,869 yeah over beer I was just going to 1160 00:49:09,370 --> 00:49:06,000 mention we were talking about very large 1161 00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:09,380 telescopes as you've seen in the 1162 00:49:15,950 --> 00:49:12,510 animations Jay James Webb telescope does 1163 00:49:18,620 --> 00:49:15,960 not have a solid mirror and so when 1164 00:49:21,320 --> 00:49:18,630 you're talking about imagining and 1165 00:49:23,330 --> 00:49:21,330 having discussion over here about how 1166 00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:23,340 large those telescopes would have to be 1167 00:49:31,460 --> 00:49:26,910 to image you know and asked a very minor 1168 00:49:33,170 --> 00:49:31,470 planet those part of the idea that many 1169 00:49:35,359 --> 00:49:33,180 people think that if we ever do this 1170 00:49:37,910 --> 00:49:35,369 they'll have to be in segments there's 1171 00:49:39,950 --> 00:49:37,920 no way that a monolithic mirror is going 1172 00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:39,960 to be sent up there it's going to be in 1173 00:49:44,660 --> 00:49:41,970 pieces and James Webb is a pathfinder 1174 00:49:47,270 --> 00:49:44,670 for that because we have these great 1175 00:49:49,720 --> 00:49:47,280 segments that are going to be aligned 1176 00:49:52,490 --> 00:49:49,730 and work fantastic 1177 00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:52,500 okay so Carol I think I have one for you 1178 00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:54,810 here from Michel job and he goes when I 1179 00:49:58,609 --> 00:49:56,310 first read this question it was like I 1180 00:50:04,130 --> 00:49:58,619 was thinking of the Greek sandwich so 1181 00:50:05,810 --> 00:50:04,140 how are the gyros doing I guess on HST 1182 00:50:08,510 --> 00:50:05,820 how are the gyroscopes yeah they are 1183 00:50:11,150 --> 00:50:08,520 doing okay we had a problem with one 1184 00:50:15,230 --> 00:50:11,160 which is not working there's this 1185 00:50:18,980 --> 00:50:15,240 there's a second one which was monitor 1186 00:50:21,440 --> 00:50:18,990 we have like six and the second one did 1187 00:50:25,099 --> 00:50:21,450 not fail but I think they're resting it 1188 00:50:26,810 --> 00:50:25,109 and so an and in addition so we have 1189 00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:26,820 plenty of gyros left because we have 1190 00:50:32,120 --> 00:50:28,710 redundancy in the system and the other 1191 00:50:35,060 --> 00:50:32,130 thing is there have been studies done of 1192 00:50:36,650 --> 00:50:35,070 what if what if you only have three 1193 00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:36,660 waves you only have two that kind of 1194 00:50:41,060 --> 00:50:38,510 thing can we still do science but 1195 00:50:43,280 --> 00:50:41,070 because of the redundancy of the gyros 1196 00:50:45,470 --> 00:50:43,290 we're doing great it's just he's doing 1197 00:50:47,390 --> 00:50:45,480 just great yeah and I think that 1198 00:50:49,550 --> 00:50:47,400 probably would have done better science 1199 00:51:03,770 --> 00:50:49,560 if we had launched it with euros instead 1200 00:51:08,359 --> 00:51:03,780 but you know I so there was a question 1201 00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:08,369 of why does mark call James Webb 1202 00:51:19,210 --> 00:51:11,970 telescope JW and it's because he's very 1203 00:51:24,680 --> 00:51:21,860 this is a great picture of haha 1204 00:51:27,050 --> 00:51:24,690 but actually and it was pretty awesome 1205 00:51:28,670 --> 00:51:27,060 that well you can see a person standing 1206 00:51:31,250 --> 00:51:28,680 so that gives you the idea of the size 1207 00:51:33,740 --> 00:51:31,260 and this was during some testing when 1208 00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:33,750 Mark got to stand right there and be 1209 00:51:40,730 --> 00:51:38,910 imaged all over the place it just shows 1210 00:51:45,950 --> 00:51:40,740 that we really are involved in every 1211 00:52:01,010 --> 00:51:45,960 asset ok you can get rid of that image 1212 00:52:06,080 --> 00:52:01,020 now ok so let's see me good see if I can 1213 00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:06,090 find a couple more here ok so this was 1214 00:52:12,740 --> 00:52:10,170 from Michael let lit light Luther Houser 1215 00:52:15,620 --> 00:52:12,750 from the Q&A app are there any other 1216 00:52:17,570 --> 00:52:15,630 solar systems similar to us in the Milky 1217 00:52:22,550 --> 00:52:17,580 Way if so where are they now 1218 00:52:24,170 --> 00:52:22,560 I I think this would be the the context 1219 00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:24,180 of this is you know maybe what Kepler 1220 00:52:27,980 --> 00:52:26,490 has found something like that so what do 1221 00:52:30,740 --> 00:52:27,990 you say mark any other solar system 1222 00:52:33,590 --> 00:52:30,750 similar to ours if you're talking about 1223 00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:33,600 an exact copy I think not 1224 00:52:38,300 --> 00:52:36,330 Kepler's finding solar systems with lots 1225 00:52:40,850 --> 00:52:38,310 of planets there are several that have 1226 00:52:43,220 --> 00:52:40,860 almost as many as our solar system we're 1227 00:52:45,350 --> 00:52:43,230 starting to find earth-size planets in 1228 00:52:47,930 --> 00:52:45,360 the same region as Earth what we call 1229 00:52:49,280 --> 00:52:47,940 the habitable zone so as we refine more 1230 00:52:52,250 --> 00:52:49,290 and more of these systems they're 1231 00:52:54,920 --> 00:52:52,260 starting to look more and more like our 1232 00:52:57,410 --> 00:52:54,930 solar system in some ways and different 1233 00:53:00,050 --> 00:52:57,420 in others so as I said a lot of these 1234 00:53:02,600 --> 00:53:00,060 systems have a different distribution of 1235 00:53:04,130 --> 00:53:02,610 planet sizes to our own solar system so 1236 00:53:05,810 --> 00:53:04,140 I think what we're really seeing is that 1237 00:53:08,420 --> 00:53:05,820 there's a very large diversity of 1238 00:53:11,210 --> 00:53:08,430 different kinds of systems as we look 1239 00:53:13,160 --> 00:53:11,220 around with kappa ok here's a good one 1240 00:53:16,520 --> 00:53:13,170 also from the Q&A app from Iman our 1241 00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:16,530 Ayman Fantin who's going they do zit who 1242 00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:19,110 asks they declare planets of a specific 1243 00:53:24,350 --> 00:53:21,110 mass at a specific distance from a star 1244 00:53:27,130 --> 00:53:24,360 how can they be so sure they know the 1245 00:53:28,990 --> 00:53:27,140 planets is there by the star wobble 1246 00:53:32,170 --> 00:53:29,000 but they have no idea of the total mass 1247 00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:32,180 of all planets orbitting how can it be 1248 00:53:37,090 --> 00:53:33,970 so percent how can they be so precise 1249 00:53:38,830 --> 00:53:37,100 and so there's kind of an embedded thing 1250 00:53:40,510 --> 00:53:38,840 in there when you when you see a star 1251 00:53:42,550 --> 00:53:40,520 wobbling because of a planet in orbit 1252 00:53:44,650 --> 00:53:42,560 around it how can you be so sure it's 1253 00:53:45,820 --> 00:53:44,660 just that due to that one planet not a 1254 00:53:47,800 --> 00:53:45,830 whole bunch of others that we don't 1255 00:53:52,720 --> 00:53:47,810 necessarily see how can you be so 1256 00:53:54,190 --> 00:53:52,730 precise well the answer to take the last 1257 00:53:56,110 --> 00:53:54,200 part of that question the longer you 1258 00:53:58,480 --> 00:53:56,120 look the more likely you are to find 1259 00:54:02,350 --> 00:53:58,490 evidence of additional planets in these 1260 00:54:04,450 --> 00:54:02,360 systems so you know back in the late 90s 1261 00:54:07,150 --> 00:54:04,460 people were announcing individual 1262 00:54:09,580 --> 00:54:07,160 planets as time has gone by these radial 1263 00:54:11,980 --> 00:54:09,590 velocity surveys have started to add 1264 00:54:14,320 --> 00:54:11,990 additional planets to those systems in 1265 00:54:16,120 --> 00:54:14,330 in answer to the question about 1266 00:54:18,610 --> 00:54:16,130 precision well that comes from adding 1267 00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:18,620 the transits in as well as I said once 1268 00:54:21,280 --> 00:54:20,210 you've got the transits for these 1269 00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:21,290 systems and the radio velocity 1270 00:54:25,420 --> 00:54:23,210 measurements you've got the masts you've 1271 00:54:27,670 --> 00:54:25,430 got the orbit you can be extremely 1272 00:54:30,970 --> 00:54:27,680 precise about what you're seeing because 1273 00:54:34,480 --> 00:54:30,980 you've got data that prove the numbers 1274 00:54:37,780 --> 00:54:34,490 yeah so in the specific distance does 1275 00:54:39,730 --> 00:54:37,790 that come from this the speed with which 1276 00:54:42,310 --> 00:54:39,740 the the planet goes across the service 1277 00:54:44,530 --> 00:54:42,320 are transits or is that how you get that 1278 00:54:46,780 --> 00:54:44,540 information yeah I mean it can come from 1279 00:54:49,330 --> 00:54:46,790 the transits if you have a transit every 1280 00:54:51,370 --> 00:54:49,340 four days then you can figure out what 1281 00:54:55,150 --> 00:54:51,380 the orbit is especially once you know 1282 00:55:01,960 --> 00:54:55,160 the size of the planet as well okay tell 1283 00:55:05,410 --> 00:55:01,970 my friends it's just physics it's only 1284 00:55:09,790 --> 00:55:05,420 physics it also asks a guy Michael asks 1285 00:55:12,760 --> 00:55:09,800 where's Hubble data the archive you want 1286 00:55:14,710 --> 00:55:12,770 to answer that Carol sure so there's 1287 00:55:17,140 --> 00:55:14,720 lots of imagery that's available through 1288 00:55:20,950 --> 00:55:17,150 Hubble site org so if you go to Hubble 1289 00:55:23,230 --> 00:55:20,960 site s ite Hubble's s ite or there's 1290 00:55:25,690 --> 00:55:23,240 lots of images and explanations of the 1291 00:55:31,270 --> 00:55:25,700 images and the press releases and then 1292 00:55:33,120 --> 00:55:31,280 the actual science data from Hubble we 1293 00:55:36,550 --> 00:55:33,130 will also have the James Webb telescope 1294 00:55:39,820 --> 00:55:36,560 data when it comes down we have some we 1295 00:55:40,990 --> 00:55:39,830 have the Kepler data we we will have the 1296 00:55:45,010 --> 00:55:41,000 test data 1297 00:55:49,080 --> 00:55:45,020 we have ten other satellite which have 1298 00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:49,090 data in our archive and it's archived at 1299 00:55:55,360 --> 00:55:52,810 stsci that's our institution Space 1300 00:55:59,800 --> 00:55:55,370 Telescope Science Institute 1301 00:56:01,750 --> 00:55:59,810 edu archive stsci edu but you can say 1302 00:56:03,610 --> 00:56:01,760 Space Telescope archive on Google and 1303 00:56:07,630 --> 00:56:03,620 you can find it and there is an 1304 00:56:10,030 --> 00:56:07,640 interface into that data you can get 1305 00:56:11,650 --> 00:56:10,040 gifts of some of the data now it's 1306 00:56:15,610 --> 00:56:11,660 science data and it needs to be 1307 00:56:17,770 --> 00:56:15,620 processed carefully so that all the 1308 00:56:19,960 --> 00:56:17,780 instrument signature is taken care of 1309 00:56:21,970 --> 00:56:19,970 the cosmic rays are removed but that 1310 00:56:24,430 --> 00:56:21,980 data is all there and it's made public 1311 00:56:26,560 --> 00:56:24,440 in a timely fashion after the 1312 00:56:28,330 --> 00:56:26,570 observations have been taken yeah we 1313 00:56:30,520 --> 00:56:28,340 have done a hangouts in the past on how 1314 00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:30,530 together and done some done some 1315 00:56:34,420 --> 00:56:32,810 preliminary processing on it result 1316 00:56:35,770 --> 00:56:34,430 LaVey we are Scott and I were talking 1317 00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:35,780 today about maybe doing another one 1318 00:56:40,510 --> 00:56:38,210 there's another one right so look for 1319 00:56:43,120 --> 00:56:40,520 more Hangouts on how to get Hubble data 1320 00:56:46,720 --> 00:56:43,130 in the future and I think you did one on 1321 00:56:48,940 --> 00:56:46,730 the Hubble legacy archive as well there 1322 00:56:51,640 --> 00:56:48,950 are two hangouts already in the archive 1323 00:56:53,470 --> 00:56:51,650 where we've we have and a hangout 1324 00:56:56,320 --> 00:56:53,480 archive where we have discussed how you 1325 00:56:58,570 --> 00:56:56,330 get the data right so Scott am I missing 1326 00:57:01,300 --> 00:56:58,580 anything I'm looking you can't wait you 1327 00:57:03,610 --> 00:57:01,310 just like it's like Skye Lewis is owning 1328 00:57:05,580 --> 00:57:03,620 Hubble hangout hash tag here Twitter 1329 00:57:09,460 --> 00:57:05,590 sorry everybody 1330 00:57:13,080 --> 00:57:09,470 it's because you can't tweet as Hubble 1331 00:57:15,880 --> 00:57:13,090 while you're hosting the show sorry 1332 00:57:17,530 --> 00:57:15,890 yeah let's work out some technical I 1333 00:57:20,680 --> 00:57:17,540 can't do too many things at once or 1334 00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:20,690 outside my head explodes but babe I miss 1335 00:57:27,690 --> 00:57:24,310 anything but yeah I do have some here so 1336 00:57:33,220 --> 00:57:27,700 exoplanets in general so a one from 1337 00:57:36,730 --> 00:57:33,230 Eliseo mangonia it was in relation to 1338 00:57:38,830 --> 00:57:36,740 the radio velocity image I put up there 1339 00:57:41,230 --> 00:57:38,840 and they could the stars orbit really be 1340 00:57:43,270 --> 00:57:41,240 affected by the exoplanets gravity I 1341 00:57:45,310 --> 00:57:43,280 mean if the inspectors finger prick 1342 00:57:47,440 --> 00:57:45,320 changes in time wouldn't it be too 1343 00:57:50,920 --> 00:57:47,450 subtle for ladies to the exoplanets full 1344 00:57:53,680 --> 00:57:50,930 on the star so I mean first of all with 1345 00:57:54,520 --> 00:57:53,690 that we know that they have they both 1346 00:57:56,680 --> 00:57:54,530 have mass 1347 00:57:59,710 --> 00:57:56,690 and so there will be a center of mass 1348 00:58:01,210 --> 00:57:59,720 between them it's not as if one takes 1349 00:58:02,830 --> 00:58:01,220 all the mass and the other ones massless 1350 00:58:04,420 --> 00:58:02,840 so they have to have a center of mass 1351 00:58:05,859 --> 00:58:04,430 between them and that's the biggest 1352 00:58:09,550 --> 00:58:05,869 point of a while were able to see them 1353 00:58:11,680 --> 00:58:09,560 shift and so if if you did have if you 1354 00:58:14,170 --> 00:58:11,690 could detect the spectrum both spectra 1355 00:58:15,490 --> 00:58:14,180 on top of each other one of the star and 1356 00:58:18,609 --> 00:58:15,500 the other of the planet if it was bright 1357 00:58:21,010 --> 00:58:18,619 enough then you could see the shift in 1358 00:58:23,410 --> 00:58:21,020 both objects and in fact we do in binary 1359 00:58:26,290 --> 00:58:23,420 stars that are similar in brightness yes 1360 00:58:29,410 --> 00:58:26,300 you would see the shifting because the 1361 00:58:32,589 --> 00:58:29,420 the object's orbit each other and so 1362 00:58:36,310 --> 00:58:32,599 that spectroscopic shift would manifest 1363 00:58:40,080 --> 00:58:36,320 itself in the planet and the star too 1364 00:58:42,190 --> 00:58:40,090 but we just keep the planets too faint 1365 00:58:43,750 --> 00:58:42,200 petaflop sighs want to make mention his 1366 00:58:45,490 --> 00:58:43,760 comment he goes I want an earth-sized 1367 00:58:53,020 --> 00:58:45,500 mirror in orbit yeah wouldn't that be 1368 00:59:01,290 --> 00:58:53,030 cool after we get our Dyson Sphere set 1369 00:59:03,490 --> 00:59:01,300 up 2019 after okay I have another one - 1370 00:59:05,320 --> 00:59:03,500 and it's more about exoplanets in 1371 00:59:08,849 --> 00:59:05,330 general so I'm this was from Eamon 1372 00:59:11,109 --> 00:59:08,859 Fenton on on Google+ and a webpage and 1373 00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:11,119 you know we're told that we found 1374 00:59:15,550 --> 00:59:13,310 exoplanets of a certain mass and at 1375 00:59:18,460 --> 00:59:15,560 certain distance from their parent star 1376 00:59:20,470 --> 00:59:18,470 but how can we be so sure what what 1377 00:59:25,750 --> 00:59:20,480 gives us that information we know their 1378 00:59:28,690 --> 00:59:25,760 distance again it comes down to for 1379 00:59:30,579 --> 00:59:28,700 instance the transit date - you see you 1380 00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:30,589 see the dip in the light coming from the 1381 00:59:37,420 --> 00:59:34,310 star as on a very regular basis and you 1382 00:59:39,940 --> 00:59:37,430 can calculate the size of the body 1383 00:59:42,099 --> 00:59:39,950 that's causing that dip so it's just 1384 00:59:44,410 --> 00:59:42,109 physics as Carol said very simple 1385 00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:44,420 physics to you directly so we're just 1386 00:59:49,050 --> 00:59:47,210 studying the orbits are able to know the 1387 00:59:53,200 --> 00:59:49,060 mass and everything like that so yeah 1388 00:59:55,120 --> 00:59:53,210 right okay well mark this has been 1389 00:59:57,310 --> 00:59:55,130 awesome thank you so much for joining us 1390 00:59:59,560 --> 00:59:57,320 fantastic you're gonna come back right 1391 01:00:02,109 --> 00:59:59,570 talk about JWST in the deployment of the 1392 01:00:04,599 --> 01:00:02,119 sunscreen sunscreen or those yeah this 1393 01:00:07,720 --> 01:00:04,609 green I'd be happy to do that and I've 1394 01:00:10,770 --> 01:00:07,730 also just by way of advertising 1395 01:00:15,220 --> 01:00:10,780 tell people that if they go to the JWST 1396 01:00:16,960 --> 01:00:15,230 tsfc nasa.gov website over the next two 1397 01:00:20,470 --> 01:00:16,970 months they'll be able to watch mirrors 1398 01:00:24,250 --> 01:00:20,480 being mounted into the back plane of the 1399 01:00:26,890 --> 01:00:24,260 telescope that's right there's a lot 1400 01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:26,900 I'll be sharing up those links later 1401 01:00:33,609 --> 01:00:31,310 through plus it's really cool see the 1402 01:00:35,730 --> 01:00:33,619 whole thing going on and that is pretty 1403 01:00:39,370 --> 01:00:35,740 much live isn't it or is there delay 1404 01:00:42,340 --> 01:00:39,380 sorry those are pretty much live images 1405 01:00:46,210 --> 01:00:42,350 right or is there a delay no no they are 1406 01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:46,220 live images okay Ron yeah they take an 1407 01:00:51,130 --> 01:00:48,710 image every few seconds that's amazing 1408 01:00:52,540 --> 01:00:51,140 okay so keep an eye out for that hangout 1409 01:00:54,580 --> 01:00:52,550 and you may be asking how do I know 1410 01:00:57,910 --> 01:00:54,590 where these hangouts are it's all in 1411 01:01:00,340 --> 01:00:57,920 Hubble site that org slash Explorer are 1412 01:01:02,170 --> 01:01:00,350 get involved slash Hubble hangouts 1413 01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:02,180 that's where I'm putting all of the the 1414 01:01:08,160 --> 01:01:04,310 schedule you can also follow us on 1415 01:01:11,230 --> 01:01:08,170 twitter at hubble telescope you can also 1416 01:01:13,810 --> 01:01:11,240 add us on circles on the Google G+ page 1417 01:01:15,099 --> 01:01:13,820 we also post on our Facebook page as 1418 01:01:17,560 --> 01:01:15,109 well and that's where all of the 1419 01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:17,570 hangouts will be announced next week 1420 01:01:22,180 --> 01:01:19,310 Carol Scott and I will be talking with 1421 01:01:23,620 --> 01:01:22,190 niku Mott who I was his name is longer 1422 01:01:25,960 --> 01:01:23,630 than that but I was told to just go 1423 01:01:28,690 --> 01:01:25,970 ahead and cut it short who has been 1424 01:01:31,480 --> 01:01:28,700 using Hubble to to look at some 1425 01:01:33,280 --> 01:01:31,490 exoplanets jupiter-sized exoplanets he's 1426 01:01:35,170 --> 01:01:33,290 found they were looking at three of them 1427 01:01:38,620 --> 01:01:35,180 and they were looking at the water vapor 1428 01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:38,630 on those exoplanets and found them to be 1429 01:01:43,480 --> 01:01:40,910 surprisingly dry so that was a press 1430 01:01:45,940 --> 01:01:43,490 release that came out last week and we 1431 01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:45,950 will be talking with the with principal 1432 01:01:50,080 --> 01:01:47,090 investigators who made that observation 1433 01:01:52,210 --> 01:01:50,090 so more on exoplanets next week that's 1434 01:01:55,890 --> 01:01:52,220 Thursday at 3 o'clock eastern time 7 1435 01:02:04,330 --> 01:01:55,900 o'clock Universal Time so I'm ending 1436 01:02:05,890 --> 01:02:04,340 Pacific per for me in LA about me so 1437 01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:05,900 Carol thank you it's been a lot of fun 1438 01:02:11,349 --> 01:02:09,410 as always and Scott thank you excellent 1439 01:02:14,349 --> 01:02:11,359 driving we didn't crash once so good job 1440 01:02:15,849 --> 01:02:14,359 once alright alright folks so thank you 1441 01:02:20,050 --> 01:02:15,859 all for watching and thanks very much 1442 01:02:21,250 --> 01:02:20,060 mark yeah you're awesome thanks 1443 01:02:22,960 --> 01:02:21,260 alright thanks